Nanostructured copper-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber for gas chromatographic analysis of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate environmental estrogens

Abstract

A novel nanostructured copper-based solid-phase microextraction fiber was developed and applied for determining the two most common types of phthalate environmental estrogens (dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate) in aqueous samples, coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The copper film was coated onto a stainless-steel wire via an electroless plating process, which involved a surface activation process to improve the surface properties of the fiber. Several parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction time, extraction temperature, ionic strength, desorption temperature, and desorption time were optimized by a factor-by-factor procedure to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. The as-established method showed wide linear ranges (0.05-250 μg/L). Precision of single fiber repeatability was <7.0%, and fiber-to-fiber repeatability was <10%. Limits of detection were 0.01 μg/L. The proposed method exhibited better or comparable extraction performance compared with commercial and other lab-made fibers, and excellent thermal stability and durability. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of model analytes in plastic soaking water.

Gold nanoparticles based solid‐phase microextraction coatings for determining organochlorine pesticides in aqueous environmental samples

“…The preparation of the SPME coatings initially started following the LBL self‐assembly method proposed by Feng et al , which used sodium citrate as reduction agent to form AuNPs. SS is a useful support because it stabilizes NPs while avoiding their aggregation.…”

“…Given the outstanding performance of SPME, it is not a surprise that an intensive search for novel coating materials has been taken place in recent years. Thus, materials such as ionic liquids and polymeric ionic liquids , carbonaceous‐based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes , molecularly imprinted polymers , metal‐organic frameworks , and metal (mainly Au and Ag), and metal oxide nanomaterials (mainly TiO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , and ZnO) , among others, have been proposed as successful candidates to compete with the commercial ones.…”

“…In general, AuNPs SPME coatings are prepared by electrochemical deposition or using AuNPs prepared by reduction of HAuCl 4 with strong reduction agents such as sodium citrate or NaBH 4 . Zhang et al recently proposed the formation of AuNPs SPME coatings by immersion of a pretreated SS wire (with HF) into a HAuCl 4 solution at room temperature with the purpose of utilizing milder conditions .…”

Highly sensitive copper fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction for online selective analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

“…Compared with stainless steel tube, it is more flexibility and easily cut. Furthermore, coinage metal (gold, silver and copper) coatings in fiber SPME showed special extraction performance to hydrophobic aromatic compounds [21][22][23]. The copper tube was also a promising alternative for in-tube SPME.…”

Zeolite/Fe3O4 as a new sorbent in magnetic solid‐phase extraction followed by gas chromatography for determining phthalates in aqueous samples

“…Extraction techniques which frequently are used include liquid extraction method such as LLE LPME , dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction , SPE , SPME , and stir bar sorptive extraction . In the past decades, SPE as a popular sample preparation technique in environmental, food, and biomedical analyses has been applied .…”