Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation of titanium: Oxide growth and effects on underlying metal

Adams, David P.; Murphy, Ryan D.; Saiz, David J.; Hirschfeld, Deidre A.; Rodriguez, Mark A.; Kotula, Paul G.; Jared, Bradley Howell

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.12.052

Cited by 60 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Therefore, in some cases, a precise control of them may induce the generation of specific microgeometry topographies [17]. …”

Section: Laser Textured Specimens: Surface Finish (Roughness)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This feature results in a relatively clean and precise process, due to an excellent control over the heat absorption on the affected area, and the possibility of focusing the laser beam on small areas of the surface. The exposure of Ti6Al4V alloy to radiation treatments by laser techniques in an air atmosphere causes the combination of the external surface layer with the oxygen present in ambient air, promoted by the temperature increase generated in the radiation process [14][15][16][17]. Such a combination results in the development of a thin protective layer, mainly composed of titanium oxides, with rutile (TiO 2 ) being the predominant form [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exposure of Ti6Al4V alloy to radiation treatments by laser techniques in an air atmosphere causes the combination of the external surface layer with the oxygen present in ambient air, promoted by the temperature increase generated in the radiation process [14][15][16][17]. Such a combination results in the development of a thin protective layer, mainly composed of titanium oxides, with rutile (TiO 2 ) being the predominant form [15][16][17]. A range of several tonalities is shown according to variables such as the thickness and microstructure of the oxidation layer [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a combination results in the development of a thin protective layer, mainly composed of titanium oxides, with rutile (TiO 2 ) being the predominant form [15][16][17]. A range of several tonalities is shown according to variables such as the thickness and microstructure of the oxidation layer [15][16][17]. With the aim of ensuring the quality of results, metrological procedures are required to evaluate the dimensions of the grooves created by surface laser texturing [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of Laser Processing Parameters on Texturized Layer Development and Surface Features of Ti6Al4V Alloy Samples

Salguero

Batista

et al. 2017

Coatings

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Surface engineering is widely used in different areas, such as the aerospace industry or the biomechanical and medical fields. Specifically, laser surface modification techniques may obtain specific surface finishes for special applications. In texturing laser procedures, the control of processing parameters has a great influence on the geometry and characteristics of the treated area. When these processes are carried out on titanium alloys, thin oxide layers are usually developed on the irradiated surface, formed through the thermochemical combination of vaporized material with atmospheric oxygen in the air. In thermal oxidation treatments of Ti6Al4V, the highest concentration of oxides is mainly composed by rutile (TiO 2 ), producing surface property modifications such as hardness, among others. In this research, a thermochemical oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy has been performed through laser texturing, using laser scanning speed (V s ) and pulse rate (f ) as process control variables, and its influence on the beam absorption capacity of the modified layer have been analyzed. Combined evaluations of microgeometrical features and mechanical properties, such as hardness, verified that, by means of laser texturing treatments, the ability to generate specific topographies and increase the initial hardness of the alloy is obtained. The most advantageous results for the increase of hardness by thermochemical oxidation have been detected in low scan speeds of laser beam treatments, resulting in an increase of approximately 270% using a scanning speed of 10 mm/s. On the other hand, a dependence between roughness values, in terms of R a and R z , and the energy density of pulse (E d ) has been observed, showing higher values of roughness for a 17.68 J/cm 2 energy density of pulse.

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“…Therefore, in some cases, a precise control of them may induce the generation of specific microgeometry topographies [17]. …”

Section: Laser Textured Specimens: Surface Finish (Roughness)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Laser Processing Parameters on Texturized Layer Development and Surface Features of Ti6Al4V Alloy Samples

Salguero

Batista

et al. 2017

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In addition to obvious corrosion requirements, the interest in decorative use of colored coatings has recently increased. [10][11][12] These two fields have been combined in some patents and research papers. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Following this line, the goal of the present paper is to prepare colored coatings on hot-dip galvanized steel sheet using a Zn-Ti bath.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing the Color of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet Through Destructive Light Interference Using a Zn-Ti Liquid Metallic Bath

Lévai

Godzsák

Törók

et al. 2016

Metall Mater Trans A

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The color of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet was adjusted in a reproducible way using a liquid Zn-Ti metallic bath, air atmosphere, and controlling the bath temperature as the only experi mental parame ter. Coloring was found only for sample s cooled in air and dipped into Ti-containing liquid Zn. For samples dipped into a 0.15 wt pct Ti-containing Zn bath, the color remained metallic (gray) below a 792 K (519°C) bath temperature; it was yellow at 814 K ± 22 K (541°C ± 22°C), violet at 847 K ± 10 K (574°C ± 10°C), and blue at 873 K ± 15 K (600°C ± 15°C). With the increasing bath temperature, the thickness of the adhered Zn-Ti layer gradually decreased from 52 to 32 micrometers, while the thickness of the outer TiO 2 layer gradually increased from 24 to 69 nm. Due to small Al contamination of the Zn bath, a thin (around 2 nm) alumina-rich layer is found between the outer TiO 2 layer and the inner macroscopic Zn layer. It is proven that the color change was governed by the formation of thin outer TiO 2 layer; different colors appear depending on the thickness of this layer, mostly due to the destructive interference of visible light on this transparent nano-layer. A complex model was built to explain the results using known relationships of chemical thermodynamics, adhesion, heat flow, kinetics of chemical reactions, diffusion, and optics. The complex model was able to reproduce the observations and allowed making predictions on the color of the hot-dip galvanized steel sample, as a function of the following experimental parameters: temperature and Ti content of the Zn bath, oxygen content, pressure, temperature and flow rate of the cooling gas, dimensions of the steel sheet, velocity of dipping the steel sheet into the Zn-Ti bath, residence time of the steel sheet within the bath, and the velocity of its removal from the bath. These relationships will be valuable for planning further experiments and technologies on color hot-dip galvanization of steel by Zn-Ti alloys.

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Large‐Scale, Panchromatic Structural Color Manipulation via Thermal Trimming

Guo

Liu

Jin

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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Structural color allows for a vibrant pigment‐free coloration for many potential applications. But now, it is still hindered in practice with crucial issues including complicated fabrication, defective and static appearance. Post‐trimming is proposed for defect‐free and controllable color manipulation after fabrication, which is significant for structural color in practical applications. Till now, most present post‐trimming methods are inhibited due to limited trimming range. Here, a simple and practical strategy supporting wafer‐scale and panchromatic structural color post‐trimming is proposed. By simply controlling a thermal oxidation process, the proposed device can be tuned precisely from red to blue covering the whole visible region. Moreover, a “burn to read” and “burn after reading” structural color is also demonstrated for the first time. Partial thermal oxidation can reveal the encoded information (i.e., “burn to read”) and complete oxidation will erase the encoded information (i.e., “burn after reading”) owing to a transition from a broadband Salisbury screen‐like cavity to a Gires‐Tournois‐like cavity. The trimming technology is further expanded by using an ns‐pulsed laser and on a flexible substrate, which implies this simple and reliable technology may promote the advancement and applications of structural color in security imaging, anti‐counterfeiting, color display, and printing.

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Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation of titanium: Oxide growth and effects on underlying metal

Cited by 60 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of Laser Processing Parameters on Texturized Layer Development and Surface Features of Ti6Al4V Alloy Samples

Effects of Laser Processing Parameters on Texturized Layer Development and Surface Features of Ti6Al4V Alloy Samples

Designing the Color of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet Through Destructive Light Interference Using a Zn-Ti Liquid Metallic Bath

Large‐Scale, Panchromatic Structural Color Manipulation via Thermal Trimming

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