Nanoscience-Led Antimicrobial Surface Engineering to Prevent Infections

Abstract

One of the major complications associated with the implantation of biomedical devices regardless of their function is biomaterial associated infection. Infections are generally initiated by opportunistic bacterial colonization and biofilm development on the surface of implanted biomaterials, rendering the infection impervious to host defenses and antimicrobials. Moreover, the infection around soft tissues also has a significant role in biomaterial-associated infections. It is well documented that the nature of an implant infection is influenced by the design and composition of the implant biomaterial, host environment, clinical procedure and patient hygiene. Herein, we explore the adhesion mechanisms of bacteria to the biomaterials and review systematic antimicrobial strategies to reduce the contamination of biomaterials and underlying implant infection using Staphylococcus aureus as a model bacterial pathogen. Also, we discuss the preventive and therapeutic strategies and explain the future perspectives for the development of nanoscience-based strategies for the engineering of antimicrobial surfaces, including nanostructure surface, microbe-surface interactions, synthetic nanostructured surfaces, dynamic surfaces with antifouling agents, coated surfaces with antimicrobial properties (polymer coating, surface release active coating).

Recent Progress on Bioinspired Antibacterial Surfaces for Biomedical Application

“…To promote the transition from lab research to practical applications, the overall performance of the bioinspired antibacterial surfaces should be improved enough to cope with complex, transient scenarios in the real world [ 76 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 ]. First, a bioinspired antibacterial surface should be highly adaptive to a wide spectrum of bacteria.…”

An Overview on Atomization and Its Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

“…Based on Equation (2), when the diameter of the orifice is reduced, the diameter of the drop generated is also reduced [24]. Another equation derived for calculating the diameter of the drop generated from a liquid film where both gravity and flow rate of the liquid comes in play is D = 3.3{σ/ρ L g} 0.5 (3) It is observed that Equation ( 3) is suitable when the flow rate of the liquid is low, which gives a larger drop size but this is unprofessional for experimental applications as we prefer fine droplets, where the effect of gravitational force will be negligible for the drops ranging in size from 1-300 µm [24]. When the diameter of the orifice is minimized to 1 µm, the diameter of the drop speculated will be one tenth as sizable [1].…”

A novel antibacterial gold nanoparticle layer with a self-cleaning ability through the production of oxygen bubbles

“…[10][11][12] Besides, (3) bacterial growth can be inhibited by antimicrobialleaching layers, which load antibiotics, antiseptics, and metal ions. [13][14][15] Although all the above strategies are effective under appropriate conditions, residual and drug-resistant bacteria remain intractable problems. 16 Antimicrobial peptide mimetics (AMPMs) are considered as a potential choice to solve the problem of bacterial drugresistance.…”