Nanomedicine Approaches for Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Ischemic Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. In response to this and other worldwide health epidemics, nanomedicine has emerged as a rapidly evolving discipline that involves the development of innovative nanomaterials and nanotechnologies and their applications in therapy and diagnosis. Nanomedicine presents unique advantages over conventional medicines due to the superior properties intrinsic to nanoscopic therapies. Once used mainly for cancer therapies, recently, tremendous progress has been made in nanomedicine that has led to an overall improvement in the treatment and diagnosis of CVDs. This review elucidates the pathophysiology and potential targets of atherosclerosis and associated ischemic diseases. It may be fruitful to pursue future work in the nanomedicine‐mediated treatment of CVDs based on these targets. A comprehensive overview is then provided featuring the latest preclinical and clinical outcomes in cardiovascular imaging, biomarker detection, tissue engineering, and nanoscale delivery, with specific emphasis on nanoparticles, nanostructured scaffolds, and nanosensors. Finally, the challenges and opportunities regarding the future development and clinical translation of nanomedicine in related fields are discussed. Overall, this review aims to provide a deep and thorough understanding of the design, application, and future development of nanomedicine for atherosclerosis and related ischemic diseases.

Au/In2O3 Nanocubes Based Label‐free Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Recognition of Cardiac Troponin I

“…Electrocardiography is most applied among various AMI diagnostic tools, and patients who assessed for a ST‐segment elevation are classified as a high‐risk for AMI [7–8]. Nevertheless, quite a few AMI patients show the non‐diagnostic electrocardiography or ambiguous reading in testing [9]. Coronary angiography is a traumatic detection method [10].…”

Investigating VCAM-1 Targeted Nanoparticles and Annexin A1 Therapy using Dysfunctional-endothelium-on-a-chip

“…The importance of Dys-En in atherosclerotic therapy can be divided into two main categories: 1) targeting of drug delivery systems to atherosclerotic plaques based on unique targeting opportunities provided by Dys-En (Figure 1C) and 2) restoration and normalization of Dys-En to prevent chronic inflammation (Figure 1D). Targeted nanoparticles (NPs) are being intensively investigated for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis [16][17][18][19] , and Dys-En provides unique opportunities in order to target NPs to atherosclerotic plaques 16 . Dys-En cannot regulate the barrier integrity, which leads to disrupted cell-cell junctions, thus enhancing permeability 20,21 .…”

Advances in Nanomaterials for Injured Heart Repair

“…For a long time, scientists have been investigating the possible mechanisms related to the pathological process of ASCVD and regenerative repair, including oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium homeostasis disorders, lipid transport, apoptosis, and ventricular remodeling, aiming to discover innovative solutions to reverse the pathological process of AS and enhance the therapeutic effects of MI treatments ( Zhang et al, 2017 ; Chan et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2018 ; Cabac-Pogorevici et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). A consistent gap exists, however, in the translation of these research advances into downstream clinical applications.…”

“…Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary and cutting-edge field holding the potential to provide solutions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ASCVD ( Hu et al, 2020 ). Generally, the nanomaterials (NMs) used in nanomedicine can be categorized as zero-dimensional [nanoparticles (NPs)], one-dimensional (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, and nanowires), two-dimensional (nanofilms), or three-dimensional (bulk materials) NMs ( Chen et al, 2021a )with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm.…”

“…Generally, the nanomaterials (NMs) used in nanomedicine can be categorized as zero-dimensional [nanoparticles (NPs)], one-dimensional (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, and nanowires), two-dimensional (nanofilms), or three-dimensional (bulk materials) NMs ( Chen et al, 2021a )with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm. In the biomedical world, larger structures (1–1,000 nm) are also considered NMs ( Bejarano et al, 2018 ; Lozano et al, 2018 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). As a result of their dimensions, NMs show unique physical and chemical properties, such as a high surface area-to-volume ratio, high reaction area, and high modifiable surface chemistry.…”