Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide due to its late diagnosis and poor outcomes. As has been found for other types of tumors, there is increasing evidence that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play important roles in the promotion and progression of LC. Here, we briefly introduce the definition of MDSCs and their immunosuppressive functions. We next specifically discuss the multiple roles of MDSCs in the lung tumor microenvironment, including those in tumor growth and progression mediated by inhibiting antitumor immunity, and the associations of MDSCs with a poor prognosis and increased resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Finally, we also discuss preclinical and clinical treatment strategies targeting MDSCs, which may have the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Ultrawideline 35Cl solid-state
nuclear magnetic resonance
(SSNMR) spectra of a series of 12 tin chlorides were recorded. The
magnitude of the 35Cl quadrupolar coupling constant (C
Q) was shown to consistently indicate the chemical
state (oxidation number) of the bound Sn center. The chemical state
of the Sn center was independently verified by tin Mössbauer
spectroscopy. C
Q(35Cl) values
of >30 MHz correspond to Sn(IV), while C
Q(35Cl) readings of <30 MHz indicate that Sn(II) is
present. Tin-119 SSNMR experiments would seem to be the most direct
and effective route to interrogating tin in these systems, yet we
show that ambiguous results can emerge from this method, which may
lead to an incorrect interpretation of the Sn oxidation number. The
accumulated 35Cl NMR data are used as a guide to assign
the Sn oxidation number in the mixed-valent metal complex Ph3PPdImSnCl2. The synthesis and crystal structure
of the related Ph3PPtImSnCl2 are
reported, and 195Pt and 35Cl SSNMR experiments
were also used to investigate its Pt–Sn bonding. Plane-wave
DFT calculations of 35Cl, 119Sn, and 195Pt NMR parameters are used to model and interpret experimental data,
supported by computed 119Sn and 195Pt chemical
shift tensor orientations. Given the ubiquity of directly bound Cl
centers in organometallic and inorganic systems, there is tremendous
potential for widespread usage of 35Cl SSNMR parameters
to provide a reliable indication of the chemical state in metal chlorides.
As emerging therapeutic factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer significant potential for myocardial infarction (MI) treatment. Current delivery approaches for EVs involve either intra-myocardial or intravenous injection, where both have inherent limitations for downstream clinical applications such as secondary tissue injury and low delivery efficiency. Herein, an injection-free approach for delivering EVs onto the heart surface to treat MI is proposed. By spraying a mixture of EVs, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) precursors, and photoinitiators followed by visible light irradiation for 30 s, EVs are physically entrapped within the GelMA hydrogel network covering the surface of the heart, resulting in an enhanced retention rate. Moreover, EVs are gradually released from the hydrogel network through a combination of diffusion and/or enzymatic degradation of the hydrogel, and they are effectively taken up by the sprayed tissue area. More importantly, the released EVs further migrate deep into myocardium tissue, which exerts an improved therapeutic effect. In an MI-induced mice model, the group treated with EVs-laden GelMA hydrogels shows significant recovery in cardiac function after 4 weeks. The work demonstrates a new strategy for delivering EVs into cardiac tissues for MI treatment in a localized manner with high retention.
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