Nanocomposite of Ag-Doped ZnO and AgO Nanocrystals as a Preventive Measure to Control Biofilm Formation in Eggshell and Salmonella spp. Entry Into Eggs

Abstract

Salmonella spp. is an important foodborne agent of salmonellosis, whose sources in humans often include products of avian origin. The control of this bacterium is difficult especially when Salmonella spp. is organized into biofilms. We hypothesized that the novel nanocomposites of ZnO nanocrystals doped with silver (Ag) and silver oxide (AgO) nanocrystals (ZnO:Ag-AgO) synthesized by the coprecipitation method could control or prevent the formation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) biofilm and its entry into turkey eggs. The diffraction characteristics of ZnO and AgO showed sizes of 28 and 30 nm, respectively. The Zn to Ag substitution into the ZnO crystalline structure was evidenced by the ionic radius of Ag+2 (1.26 Å), which is greater than Zn+2 (0.74 Å). For the SE analyses post-biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO was not able to eliminate the biofilm, but the bacterial load was lower than that of the control group. Additionally, SE was able to infiltrate into the eggs and was found in both albumen and yolk. For the SH analyses applied onto the eggshells before biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO treatment prevented biofilm formation, and although the bacterium infiltration into the eggs was observed in all treated groups, it was significantly smaller in ZnO:Ag-AgO pre-treated eggs, and SH could not reach the yolk. There was no difference in pore size between groups; therefore, the inhibition of biofilm formation and the prevention of bacterium entry into the egg were attributable to the use of ZnO:Ag-AgO, which was not influenced by the egg structure. Although the amount of Ag and Zn in the shell of the ZnO:Ag-AgO group was greater in relation to the control, this difference was not detected in the other egg components. In the search for new measures that are effective, safe and viable for controlling microorganisms in poultry farming, the application of a nanocomposite of Ag-doped ZnO and AgO nanocrystals appears as an alternative of great potential to prevent Salmonella sp biofilms in eggshells and other surfaces.

Application of ZnO Nanocrystals as a Surface-Enhancer FTIR for Glyphosate Detection

“…The AgO phase percentage estimated in the nanocomposite is 22.4%. The nanocomposite formed consists of Ag-doped ZnO and AgO NCs (Ag-doped ZnO/AgO) [ 27 ].…”

“…ZnO, Ag 2 O, and Ag-doped ZnO nanocrystals and a nanocomposite (Ag-doped ZnO/AgO) were synthesized by coprecipitation methodology patented according to process number BR 10 2018 007714 7-National Institute of Industrial Property in the absence of surfactants [ 27 ]. Structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (DRX-6000, Shimadzu, Kyogo, Japan) with monochromatic radiation Cu-K α1 (λ = 1.54056 Å).…”

Hybrid Pectin-Liposome Formulation against Multi-Resistant Bacterial Strains

“…The multi-resistant strains of Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Typhimuirium, Salmonella Typhimuirium var. monophasic 5,4,12:i:-, Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated on agar plates and incubated at 37 • C for 24 h [2]. The strain of Campylobacter jejuni was inoculated in CCDA-Preston agar (Oxoid) and incubated in microaerobic conditions for 48 h [21].…”

“…Antibiotics are among the most important class of drugs employed to minimize mortality caused by bacterial infections, also preventing complications in medical and veterinary invasive interventions [1]. In the past years, a huge increase in multidrug resistant bacterial strains was noticed, mainly due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents, being a severe concern in veterinary science and medicine [2]. Norfloxacin (NOR, Figure S1) is a third-generation quinolone antibiotic commonly administered in serious bacterial infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains.…”

Empleo de bacterias lácticas y sus metabolitos como estrategia de biocontrol para disminuir la incidencia de cepas de <i>Salmonella</i> spp. formadoras de biopelículas en granjas avícolas

“…Las cáscaras de huevo presentan numerosos poros que son lo suficientemente grandes como para actuar como puertas de entrada para microorganismos (Cardoso et al, 2001;Silva, 2005). Los poros de la cáscara tienen un tamaño aproximado de 4 µm y permiten la entrada de Salmonella al huevo alcanzando tanto la albúmina como la yema (Fonseca et al, 2019). La formación de biofilm de Salmonella sobre la cáscara presenta así una posible fuente de contaminación de huevos.…”