Hybrid Pectin-Liposome Formulation against Multi-Resistant Bacterial Strains

Abstract

This work describes the development of a gastroresistant antimicrobial formulation composed of two carriers, pectin and liposomes, intended to improve the efficiency of norfloxacin (NOR) against multi-resistant bacterial strains. The formulations showed physicochemical stability for 180 days (4 °C) in terms of size, polydispersity, and zeta potential of the vesicles, prolonging the in vitro release of NOR for 11 h. The hybrid nanocarriers improved the in vitro antimicrobial activity against different multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, such as Salmonella sp., Pseudomonasaeruginosa, E. coli and Campylobacterjejuni, in comparison to commercial NOR and liposomal suspensions. The in vivo toxicity assay in chicken embryos revealed that the hybrid systems were not toxic in any of the different parameters analyzed, a result also corroborated by the analyses of biochemical biomarkers of the chicken-embryos liver function.

Physiological Changes in Chicken Embryos Inoculated With Drugs and Viruses Highlight the Need for More Standardisation of This Animal Model

“…However, blood samples collected in research with CE do not always allow this analysis because it is not easy and takes time. Therefore, alternatives samples have been used to assess these parameters, such as amniotic fluid and allantoic fluid (5,7,46). In this work, we compared the biochemical analyses of serum and allantoic fluid and observed that the values found for the two samples were not always similar.…”

“…Then, the embryo and yolk were weighed immediately after collecting blood and allantoic fluid on the day of collection. As the embryo weight is related to the initial egg weight, we performed an adjustment for an initial egg weight of 50 grams, according to Ribeiro et al (2020) (7) 2.4.…”

Physiological Changes in Chicken Embryos Inoculated with Drugs and Viruses Highlight the Need for More Standardisation of This Animal Model

“…However, blood samples collected in research with CE do not always allow this analysis because it is not easy and takes time. Therefore, alternatives samples have been used to assess these parameters, such as amniotic uid and allantoic uid 5,7,33 . In this work, we compared the biochemical analyses of serum and allantoic uid and observed that the values found for the two samples were not always similar.…”

“…Then, the embryo and yolk were weighed immediately after collecting blood and allantoic uid on the day of collection. As the embryo weight is related to the initial egg weight, we performed an adjustment for an initial egg weight of 50 grams, according to Ribeiro et al (2020) 7…”

“…Numerous works have been carried out using the Gallus gallus embryo as an experimental model for evaluating the toxic effects of drugs and infections. These studies usually evaluated blood, allantoic and amniotic uid biochemical parameters, erythrocyte morphology, oxidative stress and histopathological lesions [3][4][5][6][7] . As well as in the evaluation methods and collected materials, there is much variation in the ages and inoculation routes, among which the shell membrane, the allantoid uid, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), the yolk sac and the amnion are widely used [7][8][9][10][11] .…”