Nanoassembly of immobilized ligninolytic enzymes for biocatalysis, bioremediation, and biosensing

Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly of Polyelectrolytes Using Formamide as the Working Medium

“…Layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembly is used to deposit uniform multilayer thin films (∼5 nm or more) from polyelectrolyte solutions. , During the LbL assembly process, Coulombic interactions between polymeric cations and anions lead to film growth. − LbL assembly has been widely used to apply films of functional polymers as well as films of biopolymers and small molecules onto planar substrates and colloidal particles. − The use of the layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembly technique for the deposition of polyelectrolyte films on planar or colloidal supports has advanced markedly in the decade since its inception. The versatility of this technique has permitted polyelectrolytes to be incorporated into microelectronics and microfluidics for sensor applications, and they are being fabricated onto colloidal particles for controlled delivery and release of drugs. , Still, the LbL approach has been primarily limited to aqueous solvents or polar solvents with minor volumes of water added to dissolve the polyelectrolytes . Few studies have used nonaqueous working solvents. , The primary use of water-based solvents for nanoassembly has limited the application the LbL technique and has led to the exclusion of these polyelectrolyte coatings in cases where substrate exposure to aqueous, or even humid, conditions is not permissible.…”

“…8,9 Still, the LbL approach has been primarily limited to aqueous solvents or polar solvents with minor volumes of water added to dissolve the polyelectrolytes. 10 Few studies have used nonaqueous working solvents. 11,12 The primary use of water-based solvents for nanoassembly has limited the application the LbL technique and has led to the exclusion of these polyelectrolyte coatings in cases where substrate exposure to aqueous, or even humid, conditions is not permissible.…”