NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 2. Individual response

Abstract

PurposeTo provide guidance to nurses caring for individuals with COVID‐19, we developed linkages using interoperable standardized nursing terminologies: NANDA International (NANDA‐I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). We also identified potential new NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses, NOC outcomes, and NIC interventions for future development related to nurses’ role during a pandemic.MethodsUsing a consensus process, seven nurse experts created the linkages for individuals during the COVID 19 pandemic using the following steps: (a) creating an initial list of potential nursing diagnoses, (b) selecting and categorizing outcomes that aligned with all components of each nursing diagnosis selected, and (c) identifying relevant nursing interventions.FindingsA total of 16 NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses were identified as the foundation for the linkage work, organized in two dimensions, physiological and psychosocial. A total of 171 different NOC outcomes were identified to guide care based on the nursing diagnoses and 96 NIC interventions were identified as suggested interventions. A total of 13 proposed concepts were identified for potential future development across the three classifications.ConclusionsThe linkages of nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions developed in this article provide a guide to enhance nursing practice and determine the effectiveness of nurses’ contribution to patient outcomes for individuals at risk for or infected by COVID‐19.Implications for nursing practiceNANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages identified in this paper are an important example of the value of using standardized nursing terminologies to guide and document nursing care. When included in electronic health record databases and used widely, the data generated from the care plans can be used to create new knowledge about how to better improve outcomes for patients with COVID‐19.

Nursing interventions for patients with COVID‐19: A medical record review and nursing interventions classification study

“…Although there are many approved SNT collections used around the world, the Nursing Intervention Classification and Nursing Outcomes Classification are among the most widely used SNTs (Othman et al., 2020). Nursing intervention is a key component of the nursing process and is a research‐based classification of interventions delivered by nurses based on judgment and clinical knowledge to improve patient outcomes (Swanson et al., 2020).…”

“…In attending to this critical and unprecedented health crisis, nurses have been mobilizing their professional training, knowledge, and skills to provide needed care for the large volume of COVID‐19–positive patients requiring hospitalization (Lucchini et al., 2020; Pickler et al., 2020; Swanson et al., 2020). A systematic review of nurses' experiences showed that nurses, regardless of the circumstances encountered, feel a great sense of professional duty to work during the pandemic (Fernandez et al., 2020).…”

NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 3. Family response

“…Given the multidimensional nature of patient care needs during this pandemic, for this series of papers, we developed an overarching conceptual model, the Nursing Care in Response to Pandemics Model (Figure 1). This model was used in our earlier work for communitylevel linkages (Moorhead et al, 2021), individual patient-level linkages (Swanson et al, 2021), and now for the family-level linkages in this paper. The model is guided by a social ecological framework (Lounsbury & Mitchell, 2009) and is composed of five concentric circles beginning with the individual and then surrounded by families, communities, countries, and the global environment.…”

“…These layers represent the populations nurses serve. Arrowheads that cut across each of the model's circular layers define the focus area related to actual and potential physiological or psychosocial problems that nurses may assess and target for nursing actions in the healthcare environment (Moorhead et al, 2021;Swanson et al, 2021). In addition, this model depicts the fluidity and the multifaceted impact of the pandemic.…”

“…Thus, this paper addresses the unique and demanding needs of families during the pandemic, as the final piece in the three-part series of articles providing linkages of three standardized terminologies, NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC (NNN) related to COVID-19. Using the same approach as our previous papers (Moorhead et al, 2021;Swanson et al, 2021), the aim of this paper is to present linkages between the NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC classifications as guidance to create care plans focused on problems related to COVID-19 that families and caregivers may encounter. We identified gaps in the terminologies and have proposed new nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions for future development.…”