NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19): Part 3. Family response

Abstract

To provide guidance to nurses caring for families with COVID-19, we developed linkages using interoperable standardized nursing terminologies: NANDA International (NANDA-I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). In addition, we wanted to identify gaps in the terminologies and potential new nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions for future development related to nurse roles in family care during a pandemic. Methods: Using a consensus process, seven nurse experts created the linkages focused on families during the COVID-19 pandemic using the following steps: (1) creating an initial list of potential nursing diagnoses, (2) selecting and categorizing outcomes that aligned with all components of each nursing diagnosis selected, and (3) identifying relevant nursing interventions. Findings: We identified a total of seven NANDA-I nursing diagnoses as the basis for the linkage work. These are distributed in three NANDA-I Domains and based in the psychosocial dimension of the Nursing Care in Response to Pandemics model. Eighty-nine different NOC outcomes were identified to guide care based on the nursing diagnoses, and 54 different NIC interventions were suggested as possible interventions. Fifteen new proposed concepts were identified for future development across the three classifications. Conclusions: The linkages of nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions provide a guide to enhance nursing practice and care documentation that could quantify the impact of nursing care to patient outcomes for families at risk for or infected by COVID-19. Implications for Nursing Practice: NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC linkages identified in this paper provide resources to support clinical decisions and guide critical thinking for nurses encountering care needs of families with COVID-19. Documentation of these linkages provides data that can create new knowledge to enhance the care of families impacted by COVID-19.

Linking nursing outcomes classification to the self‐ and family management framework

“…A descriptive study was carried out in six steps from July 2020 to July 2021: (1) preliminary mapping of all relevant NOC outcomes to the SFMF based on team expertise; (2) development of checklists for team members serving as ‘identifiers’ and ‘reviewers’; (3) mapping all relevant NOC outcomes to the SFMF; (4) final agreement on the results of the mapping process; (5) establishment of inter‐rater reliability; and (6) discussion of findings and conclusions with authors of the SFMF. An iterative consensus‐based approach has been used by previous researchers to implement the agreement‐reaching process in group decision‐making for this type of descriptive linkage study (Lucena et al, 2020 ; Moorhead et al, 2021 ; Swanson et al, 2021 ; Wagner et al, 2022 ).…”

“…The checklists assisted team members in developing a more focused set of linkages to guide nurses in the care of their patients with chronic conditions and their family caregivers. They were developed based on the vast team experience mapping concepts to NOC outcomes (Johnson et al, 2011 ; Lucena et al, 2020 ; Moorhead et al, 2021 ; Swanson et al, 2021 ; Wagner et al, 2022 ). The checklist for identifiers includes five items, for example, ‘Read the definitions and indicators of the nursing outcomes from Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) 6th Edition (2018) you would select with the sub‐category of the SFMF’.…”

“…A linkage can be defined as that which directs the relationship or association of concepts (Johnson et al, 2011). The use of NOC linkages for planning care has been developed for specific populations, such as elderly women with TA B L E 1 The NOC taxonomy of sixth edition (Moorhead et al, 2018) incontinence living in a nursing home (Gencbas et al, 2018), cancer patients requiring acute or chronic pain control in palliative care (Mello et al, 2016) and patients with COVID-19 (Moorhead et al, 2021;Swanson et al, 2021;Wagner et al, 2022). The linkage of NOC outcomes to the elements of the SFMF enables nurses to evaluate nursing outcomes in patients with chronic diseases to support clinical reasoning, quality and consistency of care.…”

“…(3) mapping all relevant NOC outcomes to the SFMF; (4) final agreement on the results of the mapping process; (5) establishment of inter-rater reliability; and (6) discussion of findings and conclusions with authors of the SFMF. An iterative consensus-based approach has been used by previous researchers to implement the agreement-reaching process in group decision-making for this type of descriptive linkage study (Lucena et al, 2020;Moorhead et al, 2021;Swanson et al, 2021;Wagner et al, 2022).…”