Na in selenized Cu(In,Ga)Se2 on Na-containing and Na-free glasses: distribution, grain structure, and device performances

Incorporation of alkali metals in chalcogenide solar cells

“…The positive effects of Na on the electrical performance of solar cells occur when Na is present in the CIGSe with concentrations close or up to 10 19 atoms/cm 3 [1,8,[34][35][36].…”

“…While there are numerous studies using such methods to investigate the effect of Na, we will focus here on the description of methods that can directly determine the presence and concentration of Na in CIGSe layers. Although many techniques can be used for the determination of Cu, In, Ga and Se [135], the detection and quantification of the presence of Na is more troublesome since it is present in values lower than 1% [at] [1,8,[34][35][36] and that can go down to 10 15 atoms/cm 3 [2].…”

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe solar cells

“…[103][104][105][106] A decreasing grain size was observed for several Na incorporation methods in a direct comparison. 107 The CIS compound formation in rapid-thermal-processed layers was found to be delayed in the presence of Na, resulting in CIS growth at a higher mean temperature, which serves as an explanation for the observed increase in grain size.…”

Role of Mo:Na layer on the formation of MoSe2 phase in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells

“…In addition, the cell performance of CIGS grown with Na is generally more homogeneous over a large range of Cu concentrations [3,4]. However, exceeding a particular threshold content of Na causes a drop in cell performance due to the small grain size and the porosity of the films [5,6]. Na is usually incorporated in the layers via diffusion from the soda-lime glass substrate; however, the diffusion process is difficult to control with any degree of precision.…”