Mycotoxins Levels in Human Milk: A Menace to Infants and Children Health

Tonon, Karina M.; Reiter, Mercedes Gabriela Ratto; Scussel, V. M.

doi:10.2174/1573401311309010007

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Determining mycotoxin levels both in maternal blood plasma and in milk is the prime approach to estimate lactational transfer in humans [49]. Except for aflatoxins and OTA, data on the lactational transfer of most mycotoxins including FUMs are insufficient [8,45,49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia

Mesfin

Lachat

Gebreyesus

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Mycotoxins can be transferred to breast milk during lactation. Hence, the presence of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, alpha and beta zearalanol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and hydrolyzed B1, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, and zearalenone) in breast milk samples was assessed in our study. Furthermore, the relationship between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and the women’s dietary practices was examined. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the 16 mycotoxins. An adjusted censored regression model was fitted to identify predictors of mycotoxins, i.e., total fumonisins. We detected only fumonisin B2 (15% of the samples) and fumonisin B3 (9% of the samples) while fumonisin B1 and nivalenol were detected only in a single breast milk sample. No association between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and dietary practices was found (p < 0.05). The overall exposure to mycotoxins was low in the studied women, although fumonisins contamination was not negligible. Moreover, the recorded total fumonisins was not associated with any of the pre/post-harvest and dietary practices. Therefore, to better identify predictors of fumonisin contamination in breast milk, longitudinal studies with food samples in addition to breast milk samples and with larger sample sizes are needed for the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia

Mesfin

Lachat

Gebreyesus

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…Breastfed children in Africa are exposed to lower AF concentrations than weaning children because the staple food in the weaning period is maize and cassava, which are often contaminated with AFs (21,42,43). In Europe the frequency of AFM1-positive breast milk samples does not exceed 5 %, and the AFM1 levels are much lower than in Africa, but they still exceed the maximum tolerance limit for infant formula, follow-up formula, infant milk, and follow-up milk of 0.025 µg kg -1 in some European countries (44,45).…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In tropical countries children are frequently exposed to OTA and AFs at the same time (44). Any health effect of this combination of mycotoxins, such as growth failure, could only be hypothesised (53).…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxicoses in children

Peraica

Richter

Rašić

2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Mycotoxicoses are acute and chronic poisonings caused by mould toxins called mycotoxins. Although acute mycotoxicoses, caused by high mycotoxin levels in food are rare nowadays, they need to be described in order to inform physicians and other health care workers about their symptoms. Children are more sensitive to mycotoxins because of their lower body mass, higher metabolic rate, and underdeveloped organ functions and detoxication mechanisms. Some mycotoxicoses appear only in children, and some are more pronounced in children than in adults. Acute mycotoxicoses in children are reported poorly, mostly because they occur in the tropical regions with poor healthcare coverage. In developed countries healthcare authorities are more concerned about child exposure to low levels of mycotoxins with immunotoxic, genotoxic or carcinogenic properties.

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“…Mycotoxins that offer higher risks to child health are aflatoxins B1, M1 and ochratoxin A, commonly present in foods consumed by children, such as milk and dairy products. Even breast milk can be a vehicle for the transfer of mycotoxins to babies, since the mycotoxins contained in food ingested by the mother may pass into her milk, continuing childhood exposure to these compounds, initiated in utero [41]. Children's exposure to mycotoxins (and various other toxic compounds) may start immediately after conception, as many contaminants cross the placenta, and continues throughout life, entering the human body through food, water and air [42].…”

Section: Detecting Mycotoxins In Human Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins, Food and Health

Ferrão¹,

Bell²,

It³

et al. 2017

jnhfs

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Contamination of food and feed by fungi and the mycotoxins they produce are of common occurrence in Africa. Lifelong exposure of a large proportion of Sub-Saharan African population to foodborne mycotoxins is a reality and a serious problem. Countries in Africa lack capacity to enforce food safety regulations, and so face frequent rejection of exportable products leading to economic loss. Improving food safety is an essential element for improving food security. A brief review is made on some issues concerning food security, namely sustainable agriculture, disruptions in the food supply chain and trade. We highlight a major agricultural threat in Sub-Saharan countries which are mycotoxins. There are different types of toxicity. These toxins are among the most potent substances known to pose acute toxicity, chronic health risks due to hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, nephrotoxicity, estrogenic, teratogenic and/or carcinogenic effects. Prolonged exposure has been linked with liver cancer, poor nutrient absorption, retarded infant growth, malnutrition and immunosuppression. Although the literature on mycotoxins is abundant in reports investigating cellular mechanisms, cellular toxicity, associated pathology and animal performance, studies on the effect of these compounds on general malnutrition and on the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans is limited. The fight against mycotoxins involves the whole food chain namely the critical control points. An innovative and promising solution of technological bio control for reducing mycotoxins is arising and under test. However, we question on the impact of this technology on biodiversity, food safety and nutrition security and enhance the need for more studies in order to evaluate its potential utilization.

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Mycotoxins Levels in Human Milk: A Menace to Infants and Children Health

Cited by 3 publications

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Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia

Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia

Mycotoxicoses in children

Mycotoxins, Food and Health

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