Mycotoxicoses in children

Peraica, Maja; Richter, Darko; Rašić, Dubravka

doi:10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2557

Cited by 33 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Children’s physiology differs from that of adults. Their higher metabolic rate, underdeveloped functional organs and relatively inefficient detoxification mechanisms make them more vulnerable to toxic compounds than adults [ 1 ]. Clinical symptoms and health outcomes can sometimes be more severe in children; in some cases, children are even affected by some compounds while adults are not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their symptoms and severity depend on the age, sex, immune system, and health status of the child and the specific toxins, or mixture of them, present in the diet, since ingestion is the main source of exposure to these toxic compounds [ 8 , 9 ]. Moreover, exposure by inhalation, skin, and mucous membranes, or a combination of two or more of these routes, should also be considered [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Mesa

et al. 2021

Toxins

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: In this study, we present, for the first time in Spain, the levels of 19 mycotoxins in plasma samples from healthy and sick children (digestive, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders) (n = 79, aged 2–16). The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) (LC-MS/MS). To detect Phase II metabolites, the samples were reanalyzed after pre-treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. The most prevalent mycotoxin was ochratoxin A (OTA) in all groups of children, before and after enzyme treatment. In healthy children, the incidence of OTA was 92.5% in both cases and higher than in sick children before (36.7% in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 14.3% in ADHD) and also after the enzymatic treatment (76.6 % in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 85.7% in ADHD). OTA levels increased in over 40% of healthy children after enzymatic treatment, and this increase in incidence and levels was also observed in all sick children. This suggests the presence of OTA conjugates in plasma. In addition, differences in OTA metabolism may be assumed. OTA levels are higher in healthy children, even after enzymatic treatment (mean OTA value for healthy children 3.29 ng/mL, 1.90 ng/mL for digestive disorders, 1.90 ng/mL for ASD, and 0.82 ng/mL for ADHD). Ochratoxin B appears only in the samples of healthy children with a low incidence (11.4%), always co-occurring with OTA. Sterigmatocystin (STER) was detected after enzymatic hydrolysis with a high incidence in all groups, especially in sick children (98.7% in healthy children and 100% in patients). This supports glucuronidation as a pathway for STER metabolism in children. Although other mycotoxins were studied (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1; T-2 and HT-2 toxins; deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; zearalenone; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; neosolaniol; and diacetoxyscirpenol), they were not detected either before or after enzymatic treatment in any of the groups of children. In conclusion, OTA and STER should be highly considered in the risk assessment of mycotoxins. Studies concerning their sources of exposure, toxicokinetics, and the relationship between plasma levels and toxic effects are of utmost importance in children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Mesa

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Daily consumption of small doses of aflatoxin can lead to its accumulation which could potentially be neurotoxic. Children are more sensitive to mycotoxins due to their high metabolic rates, low body mass, underdeveloped organ functions and detoxification mechanisms [ 26 ]. It is also possible that mycotoxin toxicity can act as a cofactor in NS disease development in certain individuals with genetic or immunological complications as has been suggested by Dowell [ 3 ] and Idro [ 11 ].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains?

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveNodding syndrome (NS) is a type of epilepsy characterized by repeated head-nodding seizures that appear in previously healthy children between 3 and 18 years of age. In 2012, during a WHO International Meeting on NS in Kampala, Uganda, it was recommended that fungal contamination of foods should be investigated as a possible cause of the disease. We therefore aimed to assess whether consumption of fungal mycotoxins contributes to NS development.ResultsWe detected similar high levels of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin in mostly millet, sorghum, maize and groundnuts in both households with and without children with NS. Furthermore, there was no significant association between concentrations of total aflatoxin, ochratoxin and doxynivalenol and the presence of children with NS in households. In conclusion, our results show no supporting evidence for the association of NS with consumption of mycotoxins in contaminated foods.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3774-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The degree of toxic effect is dependent on the toxin type, exposure dose and duration, age, sex, and health status of the host, exposure route, and possible synergistic effects of other chemicals to which the individual is exposed [13][14][15][16][17]. The potential subgroup most affected by mycotoxin contamination is IYC, probably because of their high ingestion of mycotoxins due to frequent consumption of cereal-based food in proportion to their body weight [18,19]. Additionally, the young developing organs and immune systems of IYC may predispose them to the toxic effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Chilaka

Mally

2020

Foods

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Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.

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Mycotoxicoses in children

Cited by 33 publications

References 107 publications

Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains?

Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

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