Mycotoxins and fungi in wheat harvested during 1990 in test plots in the state of S�o Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

Wheat from two cultivars with contrasting characteristics were harvested in ten experimental plots located in wheat producing areas of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples (10 of each cultivar) were analyzed by a gas-chromatographic method for deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), toxins T-2 (T-2) and HT-2, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, and by a thin-layer chromatographic method for zearalenone (ZEN), aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin. No mycotoxins were detected in 13 samples. DON was found in four samples (0.47-0.59 microgram/g), NIV in three samples (0.16-0.40 microgram/g), T-2 in two samples (0.40, 0.80 microgram/g), DAS in one sample (0.60 microgram/g), and ZEN in three samples (0.04-0.21 microgram/g). The wheat samples were also examined for the incidence of fungi. Alternaria, Drechslera, Epicoccum and Cladosporium were the prevailing genera. Among the Fusarium spp., F. semitectum was present in 19 samples and F. moniliforme in 18 samples. No F. graminearum was isolated in the samples.

Survey of mycotoxins in Southern Brazilian wheat and evaluation of immunoassay methods

“…However, year-to-year (or decades) and region-to-region variations are expected, given the strong dependence on seasonal weather conditions as well as management practices that contribute to suppress the disease and mycotoxin levels (Del Ponte et al, 2009). For example, Furlong et al (1995), two decades earlier, analyzed 38 samples of commercial wheat grain and found DON in 55 % of the samples, but at lower mean and range (400 to 590 µg kg ) found in this study, including all samples. We found that DON was significantly higher in samples from RS compared to those from PR, when all samples are taken into account.…”

“…Surveys on mycotoxins in commercial Brazilian wheat grain and byproducts provide critical information for growers to assess the impact of control measures as well as to inform consumers and policy makers on the mycotoxin risks (Furlong et al, 1995;Oliveira et al, 2002;Calori-Domingues et al, 2007;Del Ponte et al, 2012;Tralamazza et al, 2016). Among the quantitative methods for mycotoxin analyses, the most specific and sensitive ones include the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem with triple quadruple mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Shephard et al, 2011).…”

Natural occurrence of nivalenol and mycotoxigenic potential of Fusarium graminearum strains in wheat affected by head blight in Argentina

“…By this study and other reports (5,10,19) Argentina prove to have a high risk of DON wheat contamination due to the high incidence of FHB, particularly in the area with temperate humid climate. This risk seems also to be present in South of Brazil (9) and Uruguay (18).…”

Avian Mycotoxicosis in Developing Countries

“…DON has been reported in maize from Nigeria, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil Pakistan at different concentration that ranges from 0.05-2650 mg/kg [116][117][118][119][120].…”