Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

To date, the use of biomarkers has become generally accepted. Biomarker-driven research has been proposed as a successful method to assess the exposure to xenobiotics by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices such as urine or blood. However, the identification and validation of biomarkers of exposure remain a challenge. Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry along with new analytical (postacquisition data-mining) techniques will improve the quality and output of the biomarker identification process. Chronic or even acute exposure to mycotoxins remains a daily fact, and therefore it is crucial that the mycotoxins' metabolism is unravelled so more knowledge on biomarkers in humans and animals is acquired. This review aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of reported in vitro and in vivo mycotoxin metabolism studies in relation to biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, and sterigmatocystin.

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti‐Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

“…The ingestion of DON also poses a great threat to human health through serious modulations in the composition of the human gut microflora, which affects normal host functions (Saint‐Cyr, Perrin‐Guyomard, Houee, Rolland, & Laurentie, ). DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol) are equally a safety concern for consumers (Vidal, Mengelers, Yang, De Saeger, & De Boevre, ). The potential of L. rhamnosus RC007 to eliminate intestinal toxicity caused by DON in an ex vivo porcine model has been reported in a recent study (Garcia et al., ), in which L. rhamnosus RC007 prevented DON‐related toxic effects on jejunal explants, including paracellular permeability, histological alterations, increased phosphorylation of MAP kinases p38 and p42/p44, and increased expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.…”

Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018

“…Also understanding the long-term and shortterm biomarkers of exposure is crucial, as well as their sensitivity and dose-response relationship in expression of biomarkers. The mycotoxin metabolism in relation to biomarkers of exposure has been recently reviewed by Vidal and colleagues in a comprehensive review (Vidal 2018).…”

Development of a Sensitive and Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Multiple Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Exposure

“…Fumonisins are highly stable in vivo and are mainly excreted via the fecal route, with less than 3% recovered in urine [23][24][25]. a portion of fumonisins can also be degraded to hydrolyzed fumonisins in human microsomes [26]. Hydrolyzed fumonisin B 1 (HFB 1 ) has been found in the gut of vervet monkeys and can be used as an additional biomarker [27,28].…”