Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018

Al-Jaal, Belqes; Jaganjac, Morana; Barcaru, Andrei; Horvatovich, Péter; Latiff, Aishah A.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.047

Cited by 139 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…Several authors have performed this exercise obtaining estimated PDI, also defined by other authors as estimated daily intake (EDI), for single mycotoxins and have published a number of peerreviewed papers Ezekiel et al, 2014;Solfrizzo et al, 2014;Heyndrickx et al, 2015;Al-Jaal et al, 2019). Several authors have performed this exercise obtaining estimated PDI, also defined by other authors as estimated daily intake (EDI), for single mycotoxins and have published a number of peerreviewed papers Ezekiel et al, 2014;Solfrizzo et al, 2014;Heyndrickx et al, 2015;Al-Jaal et al, 2019).…”

Section: Human Case Study: Risk Assessment Of Multiple Mycotoxins Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

Battilani¹,

Palumbo²,

Giorni³

et al. 2020

EFS3

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Mycotoxins are toxic compounds mainly produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They are present, often as mixtures, in many feed and food commodities including cereals, fruits and vegetables. Their ubiquitous presence represents a major challenge to the health and well being of humans and animals. Hundreds of compounds are listed as possible mycotoxins occurring in raw and processed materials destined for human food and animal feed. In this study, mycotoxins of major toxicological relevance to humans and target animal species were investigated in a range of crops of interest (and their derived products). Extensive Literature Searches (ELSs) were undertaken for data collection on: (i) ecology and interaction with host plants of mycotoxin producing fungi, mycotoxin production, recent developments in mitigation actions of mycotoxins in crop chains (maize, small grains, rice, sorghum, grapes, spices and nuts), (ii) analytical methods for native, modified and co-occurring mycotoxins (iii) toxicity, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and biomarkers relevant to humans and animals (poultry, suidae (pig, wild boar), bovidae (sheep, goat, cow, buffalo), rodents (rats, mice) and others (horses, dogs), (iv) modelling approaches and key reference values for exposure, hazard and risk modelling. Comprehensive databases were created using EFSA templates and were stored in the MYCHIF platform. A range of approaches were implemented to explore the modelling of external and internal exposure as well as dose-response of mycotoxins in chicken and pigs. In vitro toxicokinetic and in vivo toxicity databases were exploited, both for single compounds and mixtures. However, large data gaps were identified particularly with regards to absence of common statistical and study designs within the literature and constitute an obstacle for the harmonisation of internal exposure and dose-response modelling. Finally, risk characterisation was also performed for humans as well as for two animal species (i.e. pigs and chicken) using available tools for the modelling of internal dose and a component-based approach for selected mycotoxins mixtures.© European Food Safety Authority, 2020 MYCHIF www.efsa.europa.eu/publications 2 EFSA Supporting publication 2020: EN-1757

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Section: Human Case Study: Risk Assessment Of Multiple Mycotoxins Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

Battilani¹,

Palumbo²,

Giorni³

et al. 2020

EFS3

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“…In addition, mycotoxins may produce metabolic and biochemical deficiencies, allergic reactions, immune diseases, reproductive deficiencies, fetal alterations and death [20,21]. The impact of mycotoxins on human health depends on the type of toxin, its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and the accumulation of the mycotoxin, exposure conditions and the age, gender, immune system and health status of the exposed individual [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all of the above reasons, understanding and controlling human and animal exposure to mycotoxins is a key concern [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Vettorazzi

et al. 2020

Toxins

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This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma, serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: (a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, (b) the analytical methodologies developed and (c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.

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“…The conventional chromatography-and immunology-based methods are the most reliable and widely used but they are costly, time-consuming, or require skilled personnel to be operated [4]. Therefore, they are not readily accessible to developing countries where the problems of aflatoxins are the most severe [87][88]. Due to the global concern of aflatoxins, which can possibly cross borders via international trade, it is urgent to develop easy-to-use, low-cost, and yet reliable methods to meet the needs of smallholder farmers, and small-andmedium enterprises (SME) of food and feed processors in developing countries and elsewhere.…”

Section: Analytical Methods and Challenges For Future Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, most of the good quality foods produced in these countries are exported while those that fail to meet the safety standards and those that are not controlled are marketed locally via unformal routes, thereby increasing uncertainties with a tendency to underestimate the exposure. An alternative epidemiological approach using biomarkers in biological fluids, mainly blood and urine, has been developed and is gaining increased interest [88]. Table 3 summarizes the main biomarkers presently known with their limitations and strengths.…”

Section: Dosimetry Of Aflatoxins and Risk Prediction With Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint

Benkerroum

2019

Preprint

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Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situation exists in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. A situation that worsens by the climatic change being increasingly suitable for aflatoxigenic mold growth and toxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from access to the market of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-facetted aflatoxin problems, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, awareness promotion, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.

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Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018

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Cited by 139 publications

References 163 publications

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review

Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint

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