Muscle cell‐derived cytokines in skeletal muscle regeneration

Abstract

Regeneration of the mammalian adult skeletal muscle is a well-orchestrated process regulated by multiple proteins and signalling pathways. Cytokines constitute a major class of regulators of skeletal myogenesis. It is well established that infiltrating immune cells at the site of muscle injury secrete cytokines, which play critical roles in the myofibre repair and regeneration process. In the past 10-15 years, skeletal muscle itself has emerged as a prolific producer of cytokines. Much attention in the field has been focused on the endocrine effects of muscle-secreted cytokines (myokines) on metabolic regulation. However, ample evidence suggests that muscle-derived cytokines also regulate myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration in an autocrine manner. In this review, we survey cytokines that meet two criteria: (a) evidence of expression by muscle cells; (b) evidence demonstrating a myogenic function. Dozens of cytokines representing several major classes make up this group, and together they regulate all steps of the myogenic process. How such a large array of cytokines coordinate their signalling to form a regulatory network is a fascinating, pressing question. Functional studies that can distinguish the source of the cytokines in vivo are also much needed in order to facilitate exploration of their full therapeutic potential.

Changes in novel anti-infalmmatory cytokine concetration in the bood of endurance and race horses at different levels of training

“…The PDGF, TNFα, and IL-1β stimulate the production of ROS. Anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10, and in addition IL-6 block the activity of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNFα and IL-1β, and therefore inhibit ROS generation [24] , [25] . An equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial for preventing excessive accumulation of ROS, improving cell metabolism and is a guarantee of complete reconstruction of skeletal muscles [13] .…”

Association between dietary inflammatory index score and muscle mass and strength in older adults: a study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002

“…Ethics approval/consent to participate/consent for publication Ethical committee approval for the collection of NHANES data was obtained from the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and participants provided written informed consent. Subsequent analyses of de-identified data are permitted by federal regulations on human subjects research and exempt from further IRB review under 45 CFR 46.101(b) (4).…”

“…Skeletal muscle also plays an important role in peripheral insulin resistance [ 3 ]. Muscle-secreted cytokines (myokines) exert endocrine effects on metabolic regulation [ 4 ]. Skeletal muscle also is a primary source of ROS production during exercise [ 5 ].…”

Mechanisms of skeletal muscle repair and regeneration in health and disease

“…The activation of resident satellite cells after muscle injury in normal and diseased muscle results from a complex interplay between myokines released from muscle, cytokines from infiltrating immune cells and the function of other cells within or near the stem cell niche. The list of myokines, or cytokines that are released from muscle itself, is growing, and many of these myokines play an important role in both activating growth and preventing overgrowth during muscle development, as well as in regulating muscle regeneration following injury [11]. Interestingly, several of these myokines can also be released in response to normal muscle contractions or chronic exercise in vivo and may contribute to muscle growth and beneficial remodelling in response to exercise.…”