“…For example, Pattaya (Thailand), a beach resort city approximately 160 km from Bangkok, has a much higher MSW generation per capita (1.00 kg day -1 ) [5] than the national average (0.64 kg day -1 ). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [50] Lusaka, Zambia [50] Dar es Salam, Tanzania [50] Dhaka, Bangladesh [51] Kolkata, India [52] Kathmandu, Nepal [53] Jakarta, Indonesia [54] Chennai, India [55] Nairobi, Kenya [56] Phnom Penh, Cambodia [57] Lahore, Pakistan [58] Tehran, Iran [59] Singapore [60] Beijing, China [61] Lagos, Nigeria [62] Shanghai, China [17] Hanoi, Vietnam [63] Seoul, Korea Rep. [64] Osaka, Japan [22] Bangkok, Thailand [5] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [4] MSW generation per capita (kg person -1 day -1 ) Definitions of MSW Generally municipalities or local governments have the responsibility of managing MSW, with a few exceptions such as in Malaysia, which shifted the responsibility for MSW to the federal government [68]. The existence of different definitions of MSW [69] makes it confusing to interpret and compare estimates of MSW generation in various countries.…”