Multiple Objects Tracking Based Vehicle Speed Analysis with Gaussian Filter from Drone Video

Vision‐based vehicle speed estimation: A survey

“…This way the images can be transformed into a bird's eye view (BEV), which is also known as image warping, in which pixel displacements can be directly transformed to real-world distances. This approach is the most commonly used for both fixed systems [15,16,18,20,22,34,37,52,53,61,66,94,98,99,110] and drone-based [25,30,57,62,64,69,96,[104][105][106]126]. As depicted in Fig.…”

“…6), whether consecutive or nonconsecutive [18, 25, 33, 43, 44, 55, 56, 57, 60-64, 66, 67, 70-76, 79, 82-84, 88, 93, 95-97, 100, 103, 108, 111, 112, 115-118, 120, 128]. In some cases, the instantaneous speed is filtered using different techniques such as moving average [98], polynomial filtering [129] or using a specific tracker (e.g., Kalman filter) [19,22,53,59,65,78,84,89,104].…”

“…As we summarized in subsection 3.8, there are a variety of methods and technologies for obtaining the actual speed of the vehicles captured by the cameras. Among these technologies, the most used is the speedometer integrated in the vehicle [31,35,38,42,47,79,83,84,93,96,104,106,110,112] although this is not the most accurate approach. They are greatly affected by external factors such as the size or pressure of the tires, since the technology consists of directly measuring the rotation speed of the wheel axle, or that of the gearbox axle, and then transforming it into km/h.…”

“…The first categorization is directly related to the attempt to devise an accurate system to be used for speed enforcement ( speed camera application domain) [13, 17, 18, 32, 33, 39, 41–43, 51, 53, 54, 61, 65–68, 70, 72, 74, 76–78, 80, 82, 84–86, 94, 100–102, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 119, 122–125] or a less accurate approach that can still be used for traffic speed estimation ( traffic camera application scenario) [12, 14–16, 19–31, 34–38, 40, 44–50, 52, 55–60, 62–64, 69, 71, 73, 75, 79, 81, 83, 87–93, 95–99, 103–106, 109–111, 113, 115–118, 120, 121, 126–129]. Although in some cases it is claimed that accurate speed detection is targeted, some aspects such as the low resolution of the camera, a limited experimental evaluation or the absence of an appropriate ground truth make us to categorize these manuscripts as traffic speed systems.…”

“…It can also be performed either manually [20, 38, 58] or automatically [12, 14, 18, 19, 23, 33, 78, 85, 88, 101, 108]. In some limited cases, camera calibration is somehow neglected [13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24–26, 30, 32, 34, 39–41, 43, 44, 46, 48–53, 55, 56, 60–65, 69, 71, 73, 81, 84, 95, 103–107, 111, 113, 118, 120, 124].…”