2000
DOI: 10.1097/00002826-200001000-00002
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Multiple Antioxidants in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: Analysis of Biologic Rationale

Abstract: The etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) is not well understood; therefore, neither prevention strategies nor long-term effective treatment modalities are available for this disease. Based on laboratory and clinical studies, it appears that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that are generated extracellularly and intracellularly by various mechanisms are among the major intermediary risk factors that initiate and promote neurodegeneration in idiopathic AD. Therefore, multiple antio… Show more

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Cited by 70 publications
(35 citation statements)
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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Recent insights into the p21 Ras ERK1/2 signaling cascade suggest that Ras is directly involved in the regulation of the intracellular redox state. 8,18,19 HUVECs, exposed to 2 mmol/L H 2 O 2 for 2 hours, undergo apoptosis 6 to 24 hours later.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…[1][2][3][4][5] Recent insights into the p21 Ras ERK1/2 signaling cascade suggest that Ras is directly involved in the regulation of the intracellular redox state. 8,18,19 HUVECs, exposed to 2 mmol/L H 2 O 2 for 2 hours, undergo apoptosis 6 to 24 hours later.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[1][2][3][4][5] A growing body of evidence suggests that the small GTPase p21 Ras is an essential mediator of the signal transduction pathway leading to cell apoptosis after oxidative injury. 6 -8 Oxidative stress and p21 Ras activate a group of kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, 9 including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK or SAPK), and p38 MAPK.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Alzheimer's society recorded that 13% of the American population beyond age of 65 years and 50% of the Americans higher than 85 years in age have been currently estimated as AD's patients (Kim et al, 2009). Therefore, increasing the number of AD patients which reaching several million in the near future (Kim et al, 2009;Heo et al, 2004;Prasad et al, 2000;Terry and Masliah, 1991) needs a lot of money for the health care scheme of the AD (Kim et al, 2009). …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nevertheless, results from standardized animal models, epidemiological studies, and from a wide array of biochemical considerations seem to indicate that certain investigational antioxidant compounds might have a profound preventive or therapeutic value (Sies, 1993;Baker et al, 1998;Parkes et al, 1998;Reiter, 1998;Leppala et al, 1999;Nourhashemi et al, 2000;Jung et al, 2001; and the above reviews). Consequently, the search for antioxidant pharmaceuticals which (i) inhibit pathogenetically relevant oxidative phenomena, (ii) readily pass the blood-brain barrier, and (iii) show a higher efficacy per dose, thereby concomitantly exhibiting a reduced risk of adverse side effects, is in the center of interest of clinically involved physicians as well as biochemically focused scientists (Harman, 1996;Behl, 1999;Prasad et al, 1999;Alexi et al, 2000;Grunblatt et al, 2000;Prasad et al, 2000;Sramek and Cutler, 2000;Wolozin and Behl, 2000;Gilgun-Sherki et al, 2001).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%