Alzheimer disease (AD) is known as lacking in the neuro-transmitters within the brain cells due to increase the Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. So, use of AchE inhibitors (AchEI) is believed to be the best way in treatment of Alzheimer. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the AchEI and apoptotic activities of fenugreek saponin against AD in vivo. Ninety male aged Sprague Dawley rats were allocated in several experimental groups including untreated animals, supplemented animals with 0.05%, 0.1% and 2% of fenugreek saponin (FS), animals treated with AlCl3 to induce AD, AD-induced animals treated with the previous doses of FS or with Rivastigmine. Brain tissues of different groups were used for determine the AchEI and apoptotic activities as well as generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and expression of apoptotic related genes (Bax; Bcl2 and caspase-3). The results showed that FS increased the AChEI and apoptosis activities as well as elevated the gene expression levels of Bax; Bcl2 and caspase-3 genes in ADinduced rats. However, FS decreased the ROS generation and DNA damage in AD-induced rats compared with control rats. The results suggested that the ability of fenugreek saponin to inhibit AD due to increase AChE inhibition activity might be attributed to increase the antioxidants in this herb. Moreover, enhancement the apoptosis by fenugreek saponin could be attributed mainly to the regulation process of Bax, Bcl-2 and casapse-3 in the apoptotic pathway and not by generation of ROS in the brain cells of the AD-induced rats.

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Lumigan ® (Bimatoprost) is a new eye drop that combats high pressure inside the eye. It is prescribed for a condition called open-angle glaucoma (a gradual increase of pressure in the eye). It lowers pressure by promoting drainage of the excess of the intraocular fluid. The effects of Lumigan during pregnancy have not been adequately studied. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the cytogenetic and developmental effects of Lumigan on the mothers and their fetuses. Lumigan was administered orally to pregnant mice at doses of (0.05, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg/d) (approximately equal and more than 10 times the recommended human dose) from 1 to 18 d of gestation. Females were killed on day 19 gestations and examined for evidence of fetal toxic signs and cytogenetic effects. Lumigan at different doses did not produce any significant adverse effects in reproductive parameters. Significant embryotoxic effects were not observed at the tested dose levels up to 10 times the recommended dose. The total number of implantations, post-implantation loss and fetal weight were not significantly affected compared with the controls. There were no major malformations in the fetuses compared with the controls. In addition, Lumigan was found to be non-genotoxic to the mothers and embryos in the micronucleus and chromosomal aberration analyses. Therefore, Lumigan is considered to be safe during pregnancy.