Multigene phylogeny supports diversification of four-eyed fishes and one-sided livebearers (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) related to major South American geological events

Abstract

The high diversity of Neotropical fishes has been attributed to major South American palaeogeographic events, such as Andean uplift, rise of the Isthmus of Panama and marine transgressions. However, the unavailability of temporal information about evolution and diversification of some fish groups prevents the establishment of robust hypotheses about correlations between species diversification and proposed palaeogeographical events. One example is the Anablepidae, a family of teleost fishes found mostly in coastal habitats of Central and South America, but also in some inner river basins of South America. Historical aspects of the distribution patterns of the Anablepidae were never analysed and no accurate estimation of time of its origin and diversification is presently available. A multi-gene analysis was performed to estimate Anablepidae phylogenetic position, age and biogeography, comprising seven nuclear genes. The suborder Cyprinodontoidei was recovered in three major clades, one comprising all the Old World Cyprinodontoidei and two comprising New World lineages. Anablepidae was recovered as the sister group of the New World Poeciliidae, with the Amazonian genus Fluviphylax as their sister group. The ages found for the origin and diversification of Cyprinodontiformes were congruent with the pattern recorded for other vertebrate groups, with an origin anterior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) transition and diversification during the Paleogene. The age estimated for the split between the Atlantic and Pacific lineages of Anableps was congruent with the rise of Panamanian Isthmus. The results suggest Miocene marine transgressions as determinant to the current distribution of Jenynsia.

A Middle to Late Miocene Trans-Andean Portal: Geologic Record in the Tatacoa Desert

“…(3) A Serravallian trans-Andean passage at ∼3°N across the Central Cordillera ( Figure 11) may have existed to allow both the Eocene and the Miocene detrital zircon populations to mix and accumulate in strata of the Tatacoa Desert. This lowland passage would have therefore communicated the late Pebas system (Wesselingh et al, 2001) in the western Amazonian Basin, to at least the Cauca Valley to the west (Figure 12). (4) This Andean portal would have been open since at least 13-14 Ma, until a combination of fault propagation and intense volcanic activity during Pliocene times built the final connection joining the highlands of the Eastern and Central cordilleras.…”

“…Dominant wind directions according to Sepulchre et al (2009). Inset shows palinspastic reconstruction of the margin at the same time (Montes et al, 2019), showing significant relief in black (Montes et al, 2015;Witt et al, 2017), Pebas system extent and drainages in diagonal pattern (Lundberg and Chernoff, 1992;Wesselingh et al, 2001;Jaramillo et al, 2017a;Kern et al, 2020), and active magmatic centers in red (Echeverri et al, 2015;Bineli-Betsi et al, 2017;Wagner et al, 2017).…”

First record sheds light on the distribution of the cyprinodontiform genus Jenynsia (Günther, 1866) in the High Andean Plateau

“…The Orestiini ( sensu Arratia et al ., 2017) is recognized as the sole cyprinodontiform clade found in the HAP. By comparison, the complementary distribution of Anablepidae is considered the outcome of a Neogene diversification in South American coastal marine habitats (Amorim & Costa, 2018; Nelson et al ., 2016). This family has a quite dissimilar richness.…”

Frequent nonrandom shifts in the temporal sequence of developmental landmark events during teleost evolutionary diversification

“…Following these papers, the overall topology of the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The minor branches missing in the tree were inserted based on the phylogenetic data obtained from Li et al (2013) for Cypriniformes, Friedman et al (2013) for Cichliformes, and Amorim and Costa (2018) for Cyprinodontiformes. Another phylogenetic tree was adapted from Betancur-R et al (2017), which incorporates recently obtained genomic data of abundant species.…”

“…Another phylogenetic tree was adapted from Betancur-R et al (2017), which incorporates recently obtained genomic data of abundant species. The branches missing were estimated from Amorim and Costa (2018) for Cyprinodontiformes and Hulsey, Hollingsworth, and Fordyce (2010) for Cichlasoma. For the former phylogenetic tree, the divergence times were calculated using the public database TIMETREE, The Timescale of Life (Hedges & Kumar, 2009), which is constantly updated with recent datasets.…”