Multi-objective optimization for electric water heater using mixed integer linear programming

Abstract

Due to the capacity of thermal storage, electric water heater (EWH) is one of the best candidates for demand response programs. However, few attentions are given to the modeling and optimization of EWHs with thermostatically-controlled automatic water mixer (TCAWM). In this paper, differential thermodynamic model is established for EWHs with TCAWM and a piecewise linear approximation method is performed for the nonlinear thermodynamic model. The multi-objective optimization model is established by introducing an index reflecting the comfort degree of users, so that the optimal energy usage of the EWH can be obtained by mixed integer linear programming. Testing examples verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring of Residential Water-Heating Circuit Using Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques

“…Water heating is not only one of the major load elements in the residential sector [42][43][44] but is also a flexible/interruptible load element [45]. The said properties of the water-heating circuit make it a high potential load toward numerous real-world energy efficiency applications, e.g., demand response [44,46], power regulations [43], and peak shifting, and frequency response [47]. Consequently, non-invasive inference of water-heating circuit is of utmost importance in the context of real-world energy efficiency applications.…”

“…where Ƿ ϢϦ (t) refers to the power load profile of the water-heating circuit and Ƿ ᴎ (t) encompass other miscellaneous circuits' power load profiles that are not under consideration within the s of this research work. Within the scope of this paper, the main task is to infer the operating stat the water-heating circuit with the only information of the main circuit, i.e., aggregated power Water heating is not only one of the major load elements in the residential sector [42][43][44] but is a flexible/interruptible load element [45]. The said properties of the water-heating circuit make it a potential load toward numerous real-world energy efficiency applications, e.g., demand resp [44,46], power regulations [43], and peak shifting, and frequency response [47].…”

Balancing between energy, comfort and money: in control of residential electric tank water heaters

“…Residential WHs have been traditionally considered as suitable candidates in many load incentive-based DR applications [20,32,33,43]. The topic of WH load shifting in response to variable price signals is also broadly covered in the literature [34][35][36][37].…”

“…A multi-objective optimization approach was applied by [35] to simultaneously minimize the heating costs and possible consumer discomfort from WH scheduling. The weighted sum approach was applied for solving the multi-objective problem.…”

“…There is a numerous number of existing solutions for incentive-based [20,32,33] and price-based DR of WHs [34][35][36]. Most of the solutions ensure user comfort by keeping the tank water temperature above a prede ned minimum threshold [37][38][39].…”