Mucosal Vaccine Delivery Using Mucoadhesive Polymer Particulate Systems

Abstract

Vaccination has been recently attracted as one of the most successful medical treatments of the prevalence of many infectious diseases. Mucosal vaccination has been interested in many researchers because mucosal immune responses play part in the first line of defense against pathogens. However, mucosal vaccination should find out an efficient antigen delivery system because the antigen should be protected from degradation and clearance, it should be targeted to mucosal sites, and it should stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity. Accordingly, mucoadhesive polymeric particles among the polymeric particles have gained much attention because they can protect the antigen from degradation, prolong the residence time of the antigen at the target site, and control the release of the loaded vaccine, and results in induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the development of several kinds of mucoadhesive polymeric particles for mucosal vaccine delivery.

Colonic drug delivery: Formulating the next generation of colon-targeted therapeutics

“…Rectal preparations (e.g., enemas, foams, gels and suppositories) are commonly used for the treatment of IBD with 5-ASA [176,177] and corticosteroids [178][179][180], as well as constipation, haemorrhoids, pain, and nausea/vomiting [52]. In recent years, development of rectal preparations has expanded from traditional formulation to more advanced systems that can promote local drug retention and/or systemic absorption depending on the specific indication [55,56]. In this regard, 3 types of enemas have been distinguished: (a) strongly hypotonic enemas that induce drug uptake into tissue and circulation, (b) hypertonic enemas that induce secretion of body fluids into the lumen and cause rapid systemic drug uptake, and (c) moderately hypotonic enemas that have faeces-like ionic compositions and result in high local drug bioavailability but minimised systemic drug absorption.…”

“…Mechanistically, rectal formulations can also face retention challenges and generally cannot deliver drugs beyond the colon's splenic flexure [52]. For this reason, they are typically best suited for treating pathologies local to the distal colon and rectum, though systemic products such as vaccines have begun to be explored [55,56]. Rectal formulations can take several identities, most commonly suppositories, enemas, foams, and gels.…”

Different Methods and Formulations of Drugs and Vaccines for Nasal Administration

“…The use of polymers as mucosal vaccine carrier systems is developing rapidly because they provide the advantage of delivering antigens to specific target sites, and they can control the release of antigens from the grasp of mucosal sites [ 123 ]. Therefore, polymers are usually studied for vaccine delivery through the nasal or oral cavity [ 124 ]. Although not successfully used in the clinical application of vaccines, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) are the safest, most biodegradable, and most biocompatible polyester polymers currently available [ 125 ].…”

Nanocarriers-Assisted Needle-Free Vaccine Delivery Through Oral and Intranasal Transmucosal Routes: A Novel Therapeutic Conduit

“…Thus, the vaccine delivery through the mucosal route (oral, nasal, vaginal, rectal and ocular) requires the use of mucoadhesive polymers such as Chitosan, Cellulose, Eudragit and Hybrid polymers for the production of the mucoadhesive systems. These mucoadhesive polymeric particles for mucosal vaccine delivery pose numerous advantages such as protection of antigens from degradation, controlled release of the loaded vaccine, prolonged residence time of the antigen at the target site and rapid induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses ( Cho et al, 2021 ).…”