Move to Nano‐Arthrology: Targeted Stimuli‐Responsive Nanomedicines Combat Adaptive Treatment Tolerance (ATT) of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most popular chronic autoimmune diseases characterized with persistent synovial inflammation and bone destruction. Although considerable developments have been gained in clinical treatment of RA, the major drawback to RA therapy stems from the adaptive treatment tolerance (ATT) following the long-term drug use, which causes compromised efficacy, sustained drug dose increase, and severe adverse events. To address these challenges, it is of great significance to put forward innovative therapeutic approaches for RA treatment. Nowadays, developments of nanotechnology-based nanomedicines (NMs) for RA are in progress. Multifunctional NMs with targeted stimuli-responsive features have been one of the central concepts in designing more accessible formulations for efficient RA treatment. These NMs are able to postpone RA progression effectively, because of their delivery and on-demand release of medicaments at targeted sites in response to external or internal stimuli related to the RA pathophysiology without obvious adverse side-effects on the normal tissues. Therefore, NMs have gained interest from pre-clinical research scientists as well as clinical doctors worldwide. Herein, the authors highlight the recent attempts of targeted stimuli-responsive NMs for RA therapy in the last 5 years. The described progresses may pave the way to novel and highly effective RA NMs.

Advanced application of stimuli-responsive drug delivery system for inflammatory arthritis treatment

“…Overall, both forms of arthritis are complex processes driven by multiple inflammatory and metabolic factors. For instance, the risk factors for inflammatory OA include aging, obesity, joint trauma, repetitive activity, etc., whereas the risk factors for RA include genetic, immune, and environmental factors, among others [ 7 , 8 ]. In most cases, the two forms of arthritis share corporate disease features, including monocyte infiltration, inflammation, synovial swelling, vascular pimple formation, joint stiffness, and articular cartilage destruction [ 9 ].…”

Therapeutic potential of targeted‐gold nanospheres on collagen‐induced arthritis in rats

“…Sumbayev et al 46 observed that AuNPs down‐regulate IL‐1β in vivo. Feng et al and Liu et al 5 referred to the interference of AuNPs in inflammatory signalling and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression.…”

“…Various studies over a long period gave great attention to RA to develop an effective treatment. Rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agents are classified into four categories: disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids (GCs), non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and newly discovered biological agents 5 . Unfortunately, several drawbacks are still present, including undesirable side effects that accompany traditional treatment, high risk of therapeutic tolerance and dysfunction stimulated by ascending doses.…”

Metabolic Engineering, Synthetic Biology, Biomedicine, Nanomaterials in Biotechnology Journal

“…Although considerable progress has been made in the clinical treatment of RA, the adaptive treatment tolerance (ATT) remains to be a major concern. Thus, Xing‐Jie Liang and Weisheng Guo highlight current research of targeted stimuli‐responsive nanomedicines for RA therapy which will pave the way to novel and highly effective RA nanomedicine …”

“…Thus, Xing-Jie Liang and Weisheng Guo highlight current research of targeted stimuli-responsive nanomedicines for RA therapy which will pave the way to novel and highly effective RA nanomedicine. [4] Also further articles are highlighting biomaterials research and nanomaterials: Spider silks have received considerable attention and have been proposed to be ideal substances for biomedical applications; however, limited supply remains a significant challenge to use spider silks in translational research. Shengjie Ling and colleagues review progress in the genetic synthesis of recombinant spider silk proteins (RSSP) and their multiscale self-assembly behaviors, as well as works utilizing multiscale modeling to assist in RSSP material design.…”