Morphometric growth characteristics and body composition of bullfrog tadpoles in captivity

Mansano, Cleber Fernando Menegasso; Stéfani, Marta Verardino De; Pereira, Marcelo Maia; Nascimento, Thálita Stefann Ribeiro; Macente, Beatrice Ingrid

doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n5p2817

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The size, pellet form, floating time, odor, and high crude protein content of the Coppens fish feed could also be factors responsible for the lower growth performance. Mansano, De Stéfani, Pereira, Nascimento, and Macente (2014) reported that bullfrog tadpoles under captivity showed a lower growth rate when fed with commercial diets, while Rodriquez-Serna, Flores-Nava, Olvera-Nova, and Carmona-Osalde (1996) observed that growth rates of frogs raised with pelleted feed were considerably less compared to natural feeds. Sretarugsa, Luangborisut, Kruatrachue, and Upathan (1997) explained that high dietary protein above 40% is counterproductive in tadpole larva growth and development, while Mandelli et al (1985) showed that pelleted feed of 0.21 mm in diameter was most suitable for tadpole rearing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of three artificial diets in the culture of tropical edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858) from tadpole stage to full metamorphosis

Mustapha

Bello

2018

JoBAZ

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Background: The consumption of edible frogs caught mainly from the wild is on the rise and their population declining. A challenge to frog farming is the acceptability of artificial diets by frogs. Three artificial diets for the culture of a tropical edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis from tadpole stage to full metamorphosis were evaluated. One hundred eighty Hoplobatrachus occipitalis tadpoles (average length and weight of 5.8 cm ± 0.1 and 1.90+ g ± 0. 1) were distributed into three experimental tanks with 60-L water capacity each, renewed through a flow-through system. The tadpoles were fed twice daily at 10% of body mass for 112 days with duckweed, pawpaw leaf, and Coppens fish feed. Water quality parameters and proximate composition of the feeds were determined. Results: Tadpoles fed with duckweed produced the highest percentage weight gained, specific growth rate, feed intake, and efficient food conversion, with mortality of 10%, survival of 90%, and metamorphosis rate of 100%. This was followed by tadpoles fed with pawpaw leaf and those fed with fish feed. Mortality in these two groups was 15%, survival 85%, and metamorphosis rate 98%. Water quality in the tanks was within the ranges optimal for the growth and survival of the tadpoles. The highest growth percentage recorded in tadpoles fed duckweed was due to the high percentage of crude protein in the feed, which was highly digestible and absorbable by the tadpoles. The duckweed suits the herbivorous feeding of the tadpoles which converted the feed to high biomass. A similar trend was observed for pawpaw leaf, and its growth performance as compared to duckweed was due to its low protein content. The lowest growth performance showed in tadpoles fed with Coppens feed in spite of its very high crude protein was due to the lower intake of the feed resulting in high FCR, ineffective absorbance, and utilization of the protein in the feed on the account of herbivorous feeding of the tadpoles. Size, pellet form, floating time, and odor of the feed were other factors responsible for the lower growth performance. Conclusion: Duckweed is a good artificial diet for the breeding of Hoplobatrachus occipitalis due to its high protein content and acceptability by the species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of three artificial diets in the culture of tropical edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858) from tadpole stage to full metamorphosis

Mustapha

Bello

2018

JoBAZ

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“…A second issue is that this growth metric assumes a linear growth model originating at the origin, which is inappropriate for volumetric measures of body size such as mass. Amphibians and many invertebrates grow nearly exponentially during the first part of the larval phase (Wilbur 1984;Alford and Jackson 1993;Peacor and Pfister 2006;Mansano et al 2014;Muenst 2015;Meister et al 2017). Nonlinearity is especially obvious in amphibians, which lose substantial weight late in the larval stage, so that the entire growth trajectory can be approximated as an exponential process that damps exponentially (Wilbur and Collins 1973).…”

Section: E79mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Bachmann

Rensburg

Cortázar-Chinarro

et al. 2020

The American Naturalist

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When environmental variation is spatially continuous, dispersing individuals move among nearby sites with similar habitat conditions. But as an environmental gradient becomes steeper, gene flow may connect more divergent habitats, and this is predicted to reduce the slope of the adaptive cline that evolves. We compared quantitative genetic divergence of Rana temporaria frog populations along a 2,000-m elevational gradient in eastern Switzerland (new experimental results) with divergence along a 1,550-km latitudinal gradient in Fennoscandia (previously published results). Both studies found significant countergradient variation in larval development rate (i.e., animals from cold climates developed more rapidly). The cline was weaker with elevation than with latitude. Animals collected on both gradients were genotyped at 2,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers, revealing that dispersal distance was 30% farther on the latitudinal gradient but 3.9 times greater with respect to environmental conditions on the elevational gradient. A meta-analysis of 19 experimental studies of anuran populations spanning temperature gradients revealed that countergradient variation in larval development, while significant overall, was weaker when measured on steeper gradients. These findings support the prediction that adaptive population divergence is less pronounced, and maladaptation more pervasive, on steep environmental gradients. abstract: When environmental variation is spatially continuous, dispersing individuals move among nearby sites with similar habitat conditions. But as an environmental gradient becomes steeper, gene flow may connect more divergent habitats, and this is predicted to reduce the slope of the adaptive cline that evolves. We compared quantitative genetic divergence of Rana temporaria frog populations along a 2,000-m elevational gradient in eastern Switzerland (new experimental results) with divergence along a 1,550-km latitudinal gradient in Fennoscandia (previously published results). Both studies found significant countergradient variation in larval development rate (i.e., animals from cold climates developed more rapidly). The cline was weaker with elevation than with latitude. Animals collected on both gradients were genotyped at ∼2,000 singlenucleotide polymorphism markers, revealing that dispersal distance was 30% farther on the latitudinal gradient but 3.9 times greater with respect to environmental conditions on the elevational gradient. A meta-analysis of 19 experimental studies of anuran populations spanning temperature gradients revealed that countergradient variation in larval development, while significant overall, was weaker when measured on steeper gradients. These findings support the prediction that adaptive population divergence is less pronounced, and maladaptation more pervasive, on steep environmental gradients.

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“…Relative growth rate was the proportional daily growth increment: (ln( m 2 ) − ln( m 1 ))/3 days, where m 1 and m 2 are the mass of the target tadpole on the first and last day, respectively. This measure assumes that growth follows an exponential model, which is appropriate for anurans over intermediate durations of the early and middle larval stage (Mansano, De Stefani, Pereira, Nascimento, & Macente, ; Muenst, ; Van Buskirk, ; Wilbur & Collins, ). Linear growth rate was the daily growth increment in mg: ( m 2 − m 1 )/3 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is bigger really better? Relative and absolute body size influence individual growth rate under competition

Buskirk

Cereghetti

Hess

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Models suggest that the mechanism of competition can influence the growth advantage associated with being large (in absolute body size or relative to other individuals in the population). Large size is advantageous under interference, but disadvantageous under exploitative competition. We addressed this prediction in a laboratory experiment on Rana temporaria tadpoles competing for limited food. There were 166 target individuals spanning a 10‐fold range in body mass reared for 3 days with three other individuals that were either the same size, half as large, or twice as large as the target. Relative growth rate (proportion per day) declined with size, and absolute growth rate (mass per day) reached a peak at intermediate size and declined thereafter. Tadpoles grew slowly if they were large relative to their competitors, although relative body size was less important than absolute size. As a result, size variation declined in groups that were initially composed of individuals of variable size. Thus, bigger was not better under exploitative competition. Our results help connect individual‐level behavior with individual growth and the size distribution of the population.

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Morphometric growth characteristics and body composition of bullfrog tadpoles in captivity

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of three artificial diets in the culture of tropical edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858) from tadpole stage to full metamorphosis

Evaluation of three artificial diets in the culture of tropical edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858) from tadpole stage to full metamorphosis

Gene Flow Limits Adaptation along Steep Environmental Gradients

Is bigger really better? Relative and absolute body size influence individual growth rate under competition

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