Morphometric and chemical fruit variability of selected stone pine trees (Pinus pinea L.) grown in non-native environments

Seed Characteristics and Nutritional Composition of Pine Nut from Five Populations of P. cembroides from the States of Hidalgo and Chihuahua, Mexico

“…The moisture content of seed of P. halepensis (7.86%), P. pinea (8.47%), P. pinaster (8.23%), and P. canariensis (8.65%) have shown to oscillate slightly lower than those found in our study [9]. Loewe-Muñoz et al [12] found an average of 5.6% of water content in seed collected of three different macrozones of P. pinea in Chile, which is lower than values determined in our study. Variation in water content of pine nut of P. pinea has been related to the weather condition of seed collection during the spring, immediately before cone maturation [25].…”

“…These results were similar to those of the pine nuts of P. pinea (1.9%), P. edulis (2.7%), P. koraiensis (2.2%), P. monophylla (2.4), and P. quadrifolia (2.4%), but these were lower than those determined for pine nuts of P. halepensis (7.4%), P. pinaster (4.6%), P. canariensis (4.8%), and P. maximartinezii (4.3%) [9,10]. Loewe-Muñoz et al [12] found an average of 4.4% of ashes in seed collected of three different macrozones of P. pinea in Chile, which is highest than values determined in our study.…”

“…Furthermore, total lipids were higher compared with the determined for the species of P. monophylla (23%), P. maximartinezii (42.5%), and P. quadrifolia (37%) species [10]. Loewe-Muñoz et al [12] found an average of 40.2% of lipids in seed collected of three different macrozones of P. pinea in Chile, which is lower than values determined in this study, and these variations can be due to the soil composition between regions and with the species [8,11].…”

“…Valuable nutrients and functional phytochemicals of edible pine nut of P. pinea (i.e., 5.1% moisture, 31.6% protein, 44.9% fat, 13.9% carbohydrate and 4.5% ash) [8], P. halepensis (i.e., 7.8% moisture, 26.6% protein, and 36.7% fat) [9], P. pinaster (i.e., 8.2% moisture, 16.2% protein, and 24.1% fat) [9], P. canariensis (i.e., 8.6% moisture, 16.7% protein, and 23.9% fat) [9], and P. maximartinezii (i.e., 5% moisture, 31% protein, and 42% fat) [10] have already been documented, but studies of physicochemical and nutritional/phytochemical characterization of Mexican pine nuts are very scarce. The composition of pine nuts shows variation among species and even some subspecies depending on two principal factors, i.e., geographical range and climatic conditions [11,12,13]. It is noteworthy that the consumption of the pine nuts has several effects on consumer health such as the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors by their cardioprotective and antioxidant capacity [14,15,16,17,18].…”

Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

“…We found that the average SW (0.8 g) differed among the populations, and was higher than the 0.6 g determined by Mutke et al (2011) and the 0.7 g of Ganatsas et al (2008), while it was lower than the 0.9 g found by Loewe-Muñoz et al (2018). The average SD and SL determined by Loewe-Muñoz et al (2018) were 1 and 2 cm, respectively, while in the present study, they were 0.9 and 1.8 cm, respectively; these latter measurements are similar to those reported by Ganatsas et al (2008) and Carcel et al (2012).…”