Seed Characteristics and Nutritional Composition of Pine Nut from Five Populations of P. cembroides from the States of Hidalgo and Chihuahua, Mexico

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the seed characteristics and nutritional composition of five pine nut P. cembroides samples from two Mexican states. Morphometry, proximal composition, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were determined. Samples differed in several morphometric trails, but important differences were documented between SMCH and JCZH samples from Hidalgo State. JCZH and FMH had the highest contents of water, lipids, protein, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, while CMCC population from Chihuahua State had presented the highest content of ash and carbohydrates. Morphometry and chemical composition data were subjected to clustering analysis. This analysis showed that SMCH and LFCH from Hidalgo State were well separated from the JCZH and FMH populations from Hidalgo State, which showed a strong similarity between them, while the CMCC from Chihuahua State was the most distant population. Principal components analysis showed that the variables that strongly contributed to PC1 were the antioxidant activity determined by FRAP assay, flavonoids, and water content. These data have provided biochemical markers that could help to establish phylogenetic associations between populations, and also to reveal potentially account as an alternative source for dietary nutrition.

Morphological and Chemical Differentiation between Tunisian Populations of Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, and Pinus pinaster

“…As far as we know, this is the first time that the variability of fatty acid composition between populations of P. pinaster , P. halepensis and P. brutia is described. Some recent studies have shown that the chemical composition of seeds reflects the climatic conditions to which the plant was subjected, leading to differences between populations of pine species [39–41] . Our results agree with those studies because significant correlations were observed between the content of some fatty acids and certain ecologic parameters of P. halepensis populations.…”

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Antioxidant Phytochemicals from Selected Edible Nuts

“…The content of total hydrophilic phenolic compounds and flavonoids in PEC is similar to that reported in a previous study [52] but higher than those reported in the USDA Food and Nutrient Database [28] and for another Mexican PEC [23,24]. The content of total hydrophilic phenolic compounds and flavonoids in WPN and PPN, despite being lower than the other samples assayed here, seems to be higher than those reported by Valero-Galvan et al [29] for several pine nut accessions from Hidalgo and Chihuahua (Mexico). It is noteworthy that EOA had 2.2 (PEC) to 23.2 (PPN) times more hydrophilic phenolic compounds than any other sample analyzed in this study.…”

“…Before going any further, it should be stated that peanuts are not tree nuts but legumes, but they are commercially considered as such and they are commonly included in chemical compositional studies of edible nuts. The chemical (proximate) profile of PPN was similar to several P. cembroides accessions from Hidalgo and Chihuahua, Mexico [29]. Quercus acorns from two Mediterranean species ( Q. ithaburensis, Q. calliprinos ) are rich (g 100 g −1 ) in carbohydrates (42–79) and dietary fiber (13–52) but they are moderate sources of protein (2–5), fat (0.8–3.1) and ash (1.8–3.2) [30], while acorns from Q. robur have a moisture, ash and protein content ranging from 2.0–7.9, 2.1–8.4 and 4.2–14.1, respectively [31]; such a macronutrient composition differs from that found for EOA, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously.…”

Studies of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Pinus gerardiana and Pinus roxburghii Seed Extracts

“…Zulfqar et al found higher TPC (77.2 ± 1.41 mg GAE/g) in methanolic extract of P. gerardiana dry nuts than in EtOAc extract (52.5 ± 2.9 mg GAE/g) [ 16 ]. Valero-Galván et al found that Pinus cembroides grown in five states of Mexico presented different amounts of TPC in the methanol seed extract [ 24 ]. Bolling et al report that TPC of pine nut was 68 mg GAE/100 mg; however, as per Phenol-Explorer database reports 58 mg GAE/100 mg [ 25 ].…”

“…Zulfqar et al reported that the percentage of DPPH inhibition of both MeOH and EtOAc extract of P. gerardiana dry nuts was 76.33 ± 2.51% and 73.67 ± 2.75% at concentration of 10 mg/mL and was statistically insignificant [ 16 ]. Valero-Galván et al reported that methanol seed extract of P. cembroides grown in the five states of Mexico revealed different antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH assay [ 24 ]. P. halepinsis found in Palestine region displayed that methanolic extract by maceration and Soxhlet extraction method showed IC50 of 0.12 mg/mL and 0.43 mg/mL, respectively [ 10 ].…”