Morphology, drug release, antibacterial, cell proliferation, and histology studies of chamomile‐loaded wound dressing mats based on electrospun nanofibrous poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)/polystyrene blends

Abstract

For the first time, it has been tried to achieve optimum conditions for electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/polystyrene (PCL/PS) nanofibrous samples as active wound dressings containing chamomile via D-optimal design approach. In this work, systematic in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out by drug release rate, antibacterial and antifungal evaluations, cell culture, and rat wound model along with histology observation. The optimized samples were prepared under the following electrospinning conditions: PCL/PS ratio (65/35), PCL concentration 9%(w/v), PS concentration 14%(w/v), distance between the syringe needle tip and the collector 15.5 cm, applied voltage 18 kV, and solution flow rate 0.46 mL h(-1) . The FE-SEM micrographs showed electrospun PCL/PS (65/35) nanofibrous sample containing 15% chamomile had a minimum average diameter (∼175 nm) compared to the neat samples (∼268 nm). The drug released resulted in a gradual and high amount of chamomile from the optimized PCL/PS nanofibrous sample (∼70%) in respect to PCL and PS nanofibers after 48 h. This claim was also confirmed by antibacterial and antifungal evaluations in which an inhibitory zone with a diameter of about 7.6 mm was formed. The rat wound model results also indicated that the samples loaded with 15% chamomile extract were remarkably capable to heal the wounds up to 99 ± 0.5% after 14 days post-treatment periods. The adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells and their viability on the optimized samples were confirmed by MTT analysis. Also, the electrospun nanofibrous mats based on PCL/PS (65/35) showed a high efficiency in the wound closure and healing process compared to the reference sample, PCL/PS nanofibers without chamomile. Finally, the histology analysis revealed that the formation of epithelial tissues, the lack of necrosis and collagen fibers accumulation in the dermis tissues for the above optimized samples.

Fickian-Based Empirical Approach for Diffusivity Determination in Hollow Alginate-Based Microfibers Using 2D Fluorescence Microscopy and Comparison with Theoretical Predictions

“…Using the numerical diffusivities as the benchmark, biomedical researchers can simulate and validate radial micro-measurements related to intra-membrane fluxes across porous fiber-based engineered tissues for tuning membrane composition and modeling metabolic trends [29,30,31,32]. This methodology could be extended to quantify transport across emerging stimuli-responsive macro-/micro-fibers and nanocomposites in wound healing [33,34,35,36]. …”

Honey and Medicinal Plants in the Management of Certain Surgical Bovine Clow Affections

“…M. chamomilla flower extract containing potential sources of antimicrobial nano molecules [43] and reduces biofilm accumulation with 1 % [14]. M. chamomilla antimicrobial activity is conflicting issue since; good activity was recorded through wound dressing samples loaded with 15% extract were remarkably capable to heal the wounds up to 99 ± 0.5% after 14 days post-treatment periods [15]. On the other hand; during a study [44] the authors examined the antibacterial effect of several medicinal plants E. oils against 3 Gram's +ve and 3 Gram's -ve concluded no bacterial inhibition activity for M. chamomilla against all tested bacterial species.…”

“…M. chamomilla flower extract contain potential sources of antimicrobial nano molecules and with antimicrobial activities [12] mainly; against S. aureus; E. coli [13] and C. albicans [5] and reduces bacterial biofilm accumelation [14]. When; it was used as wound dressing loaded with 15% chamomile extract were remarkably capable to heal (99 ± 0.5%) after 14 days post-treatment periods [15]. O. vulgaris EO is effective against Salmonella enterica; S. mutans; molds and yeasts; and mesophilic aerobic bacteria [7]; Escherichia coli; Clostridium perfringens; and Salmonella [16] where carvacrol and thymol are the major components responsible for the antimicrobial effects of O. vulgaris EO [17].…”

In Pursuit of Functional Electrospun Materials for Clinical Applications in Humans

“…In addition to drug delivery, the mesh structure itself has also been implicated to function in wound healing. Moteallah et al showed that the porous and structured nature of the electrospun PCL/polystyrene fibers delivering apigenin, a natural flavone derived from chamomile, promoted formation of epithelial tissue but minimal collagen accumulation resulting in 99% healed wounds after 14 days of treatment [39]. Fibers for topical and transdermal delivery often employ composite structures that tailor each layer for specific uses.…”

“…Pathon [17] Polyurethane Composite for NO delivery Wound dressing TPP-fibers [20] Polyurethane-polyethylene glycol Single mesh for photosensitizer Wound dressing Expression of inflammatory genes [54] Poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) 70 Wound healing [39] Poly(lactic-co- Local antibiotic delivery (brain), histological evaluation [45] Poly(L-lactic acid), poly(ethylene Wound healing, bacterial burden at wound site [152] Poly(lactic-co- Epithelial wound closure [157] Poly(lactic-co- Wound healing, histological evaluation [40] Poly(lactic-co- [43] *Unique ingredient identifier (UNII) for specific material compositions and molecular weights as listed on the US FDA inactive ingredient database (www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm); may not correspond to actual material used in reference. ‡ Reported solvents that have been used to electrospin polymer class.…”