Morphological and Spectroscopic Study of an Apatite Layer Induced by Fast-Set Versus Regular-Set EndoSequence Root Repair Materials

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the morphology and chemistry of an apatite layer induced by fast-set versus regular-set EndoSequence root repair materials using spectroscopic analysis. Holes of a 4 mm diameter were created in the root canal dentin, which were filled with the test material. Fetal calf serum was used as the incubation medium, and the samples incubated in deionized water were used as controls. The material-surface and material-dentin interfaces were analyzed after 28 days using Raman and infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. After incubation in fetal calf serum, both materials formed a uniform layer of calcium phosphate precipitate on their surfaces, with the dentinal interface. This precipitated layer was a combination of hydroxyapatite and calcite or aragonite, and had a high mineral maturity with the regular-set paste. However, its crystallinity index was high with the fast-set putty. Typically, both consistencies (putty and paste) of root repair material have an apatite formation ability when they are incubated in fetal calf serum. This property could be beneficial in improving their sealing ability for root canal dentin.

Morphological and chemical analysis of surface interaction of irrigant‐endosequence root repair material

“…Raman spectra showed the typical compositions of BC putty and paste when immersed in saline irrigant (Figure 2a,b), including collagen (at 1,780–1,200 cm −1 ) (Morris & Mandair, 2011; Siboni, Taddei, Zamparini, Prati, & Gandolfi, 2017; Turunen et al, 2011), calcite (at 1,088 cm −1 ), sulfate (at 1,007 and 616 cm −1 ), crystalline silicate (at 842, 640, 558, and 535 cm −1 ), tricalcium aluminate v 1 AlO 4 (at 760 cm −1 ), tantalum (at 400–250 cm −1 ) (Chen, Fierro, Tanaka, & Wachs, 2003), and zirconium (at 224–150 cm −1 ) (Siboni et al, 2017). The BC paste revealed higher, intense bands of amide I, calcite, silicate, zirconium, and tantalum at 1536, 1088, 640, 474, and 273 cm −1 , respectively (Abu Zeid et al, 2019) (Figure 2b,d,f). Similar results were obtained when BC putty and paste immersed in 5.25% NaOCl with no significant changes compared saline group (Figure 2c,d).…”

“…The advantage of this new repair material is a uniform consistency during its placement which improves handling. It is also a bactericidal, a biocompatible, and a bioactive material (Abu Zeid, Alamoudi, Abou Neel, & Mokeem Saleh, 2019; Moinzadeh, Portoles, Wismayer, & Camilleri, 2016; Wang, 2015). It induces osteogenic response attributed to its high alkalinity (Edrees, Abu Zeid, Atta, & AlQriqri, 2019).…”

“…Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis are well instruments to identify the chemical composition of the material and its reaction to any chemicals (Abu Zeid et al, 2018; Abu Zeid et al, 2019; Alamoudi & Abu Zeid, 2019). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is the best method to determine the phase composition of the material's surface after any chemical reaction.…”

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Bioceramic Materials in Endodontics

“…EndoSequence root repair material (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA, USA) is a premixed putty or syringeable paste mainly composed of calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, zirconium oxide and tantalum oxide [10]. As an alternative to MTA, EndoSequence root repair material has been considered bioactive, which is the ability of a material to form an apatite-like precipitate on its surface when brought into contact with tissue fluids [51].…”

Impact of Water Solubility on Chemical Composition and Surface Structure of Two Generations of Bioceramic Root Canal Sealers

“…It has the ability to form calcium hydroxide as a byproduct of hydration reaction [11], and is responsible for its alkaline pH inducing antibacterial properties [12]. It is a biocompatible, bioactive sealer and enhances the osteogenic potential [10,13,14]. Its nanoparticle size allows an excellent flow to the dentin wall and improve the sealing ability [9].…”