Morphological and Acoustical Variation, Geographic Distribution, and Conservation Status of the Spinythumb Frog Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi and Sazima, 1985 (Anura, Hylodidae)

Taxonomic Review of the species complex of Crossodactylus dispar A. Lutz, 1925 (Anura, Hylodidae)

“…(3) Snout shape: The snout can be rounded or nearly pentagon-shaped (described by Heyer et al, 1990 as "slightly truncate and nearly rounded") in dorsal view and rounded or protruding in lateral view. Pimenta et al (2008) indicated that C. aeneus and C. gaudichaudii only have nearly pentagon-shaped snouts, but we observed some specimens with rounded snouts. (4) Shape of canthus rostralis: The canthus rostralis can be poorly defined (rounded) or well defined (sharp).…”

“…From left to right: slender build (MZUSP 109698, SVL 23.7 mm) and robust builds (USNM 318200, SVL 27.8 mm; MNRJ 3285, SVL 39.0 mm). make no reference to the degree of development of vocal sac, as noted by Pimenta et al (2008) for C. bokermanni (described as "weakly expanded"); at present, we are interested only in vocal sacs character states that diagnose species, which are unexpanded, median-subgular, and bilobate-subgular. (7) Thumb spines: In Grant et al (2006), when cornified spines occur on finger I (characters 24 and 25), they are necessarily large.…”

The vocal sac of Hylodidae (Amphibia, Anura): Phylogenetic and functional implications of a unique morphology

“…Vocal sacs have been reported as absent in C. aeneus and C. trachystomus (Müller, ) and single, subgular in C. aeneus, C. bokermanni, C. cyclospinus, C. dantei, C. gaudichaudii, C. lutzorum, C. schmidti , and C. trachystomus (Lynch, ; Pimenta, Cruz, & Caramaschi, ; Pimenta et al, ). Subtle bilobular expansions have been reported only in C. boulengeri (Pimenta, Wachlevski, & Cruz, ), C. caramaschii (Bastos & Pombal, ), and C. dispar (Pimenta et al, ). Nevertheless, study of internal vocal sac anatomy revealed the presence of paired, lateral vocal sacs in C. aeneus , C. boulengeri , C. cyclospinus , C. dantei , C. dispar , C. gaudichaudii , C. grandis , and C. schmidti .…”

“…Vocal sacs have been reported as absent in C. aeneus and C. trachystomus (M€ uller, 1924) and single, subgular in C. aeneus, C. bokermanni, C. cyclospinus, C. dantei, C. gaudichaudii, C. lutzorum, C. schmidti, and C. trachystomus (Lynch, 1971;Pimenta, Cruz, & Caramaschi, 2014;Pimenta et al, 2015). Subtle bilobular expansions have been reported only in C. boulengeri (Pimenta, Wachlevski, & Cruz, 2008), C. caramaschii (Bastos & Pombal, 1995), and C. dispar (Pimenta et al, 2014). Nevertheless, study (Pombal et al, 2003), M. lutzae (Izecksohn & Gouvêa, 1987, 1985, M. boticariana, and M. massarti (Giaretta et al, 1993)] are reported to have externally paired vocal sacs similar to those of Hylodes.…”

Extension of the geographical distribution of two anuran species for Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, with comments on natural history

“…Species of Crossodactylus have small size, are diurnal and live in riparian habitats, where they show prolonged reproductive activity (Caramaschi & Sazima 1985, Almeida-Gomes et al 2007). However, despite this information, data on taxonomy, natural history and geographical distribution of Crossodactylus species are still scarce (Pimenta et al 2008). The 11 species of Crossodactylus currently recognized are grouped into three groups: C. gaudichaudii, C. trachystomus, and C. schmidti (Caramaschi & Sazima 1985, Frost 2010.…”