Morphine and codeine in oral fluid after controlled poppy seed administration

Concheiro, Marta; Newmeyer, Matthew N.; Costa, José Luiz; Flegel, Ron; Gorelick, David A.; Huestis, Marilyn A.

doi:10.1002/dta.1742

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Published experiences of German police using the saliva rapid test gave convincing results for very sensitive detection of tetrahydrocannabinol, opiates and amphetamines with different commercial quick tests [141]. Morphine and codeine [142] along with methamphetamine, buprenorphine and methadone [143] are detectable in saliva at relatively high concentration using LC-MS/MS. Over all, for the determination of drugs of abuse, saliva is a proven and trusted sample matrix [129], again due to the rapid and easy sample collection, combined with concentration similar or equal to serum concentration, not requiring specifically sensitive analytical methods.…”

Section: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics

Gröschl¹

2017

Bioanalysis

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Saliva is gaining increasing attention as a bioanalytical sample matrix. Mostly because of the easy and noninvasive collection, it is not only beneficial in endocrinological and behavioral science, but also in pediatrics. Saliva also has the advantage of being the only body fluid which can be collected even during physical exercise, for example, during sportive activities, and there are physiological characteristics that make it superior to serum/plasma or urine for specific scientific questions. This review provides an insight into the physiology of saliva formation, explaining how certain compounds enter this bodily fluid, and gives advice for collection, storage and analytical methods. Finally, it presents a number of reliable and proven applications for saliva analysis from scientific fields including endocrinology, sports medicine, forensics and immunology.

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Section: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics

Gröschl¹

2017

Bioanalysis

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“…Most recently, Conchiero et al published a study in OF using poppy seeds whereby the opiate content was quantified prior to ingestion. Subjects received two equal doses of raw poppy seeds 8 h apart, for a total ingested dose of 31.4 mg of morphine and 6.2 mg of codeine ( 24 ). After the first dose, peak morphine and codeine concentrations were 177 and 32.6 ng/mL, reported from 0.5 to 1 h and 0.5 to 2 h, respectively ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects received two equal doses of raw poppy seeds 8 h apart, for a total ingested dose of 31.4 mg of morphine and 6.2 mg of codeine ( 24 ). After the first dose, peak morphine and codeine concentrations were 177 and 32.6 ng/mL, reported from 0.5 to 1 h and 0.5 to 2 h, respectively ( 24 ). Differences in maximum morphine (333 ng/mL) and codeine (112 ng/mL) concentrations from our study, compared with Conchiero et al , may be explained by differences in ingestion, route of administration (raw versus suspension) and time after first collection (0.5 versus 0.25 h).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…on opiate test results. Detection of morphine and codeine subsequent to poppy seed exposure has been explored primarily in urine ( 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 18 , 19 ) and serum ( 3 , 13 , 20 ); yet fewer studies have been published in alternative matrices such as hair ( 21 ) and OF ( 22 – 24 ). The purpose of the present study is to investigate opiate analytical results in paired urine and OF specimens, following ingestion of poppy seeds of known opiate content, using the Oral-Eze ® Oral Fluid Collection System and the CEDIA ® Opiate OFT Assay, an FDA-cleared collection and testing system, and GC–MS testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds

Samano¹,

Clouette²,

Rowland³

et al. 2015

J Anal Toxicol

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Interpretation of opiate drug test results can be challenging due to casual dietary consumption of poppy seeds, which may contain variable opiate content. Opiate concentrations in paired oral fluid (OF), collected with the Oral-Eze® Oral Fluid Collection System, and urine were analyzed after ingestion of poppy seeds from the same source, consumed raw or contained in a roll. In Part 1, 12 individuals consumed equal portions of a poppy seed roll. For Part 2, the same individuals consumed an equivalent quantity of raw poppy seeds, containing ∼3.2 mg of morphine and 0.6 mg of codeine. Specimens were analyzed both by enzyme immunoassay (opiates) and by GC–MS (morphine/codeine). Urinary morphine was between 155–1,408 (roll) and 294–4,213 ng/mL (raw), measured at 2, 4, 6 and 20 h post-ingestion. Urinary codeine concentrations between 140–194 (roll) and 121–664 ng/mL (raw) were observed up to 6 h post-ingestion. Following consumption of raw poppy seeds, OF specimens were positive, above LOQ, from 0.25 to 3.0 h with morphine ranging from 7 to 600 ng/mL and codeine from 8 to 112 ng/mL. After poppy seed roll consumption, morphine concentrations of 7–143 ng/mL were observed up to 1.5 h with codeine detected in only 5.5% of OF specimens and ranging from 8 to 28 ng/mL. Combined with the existing poppy seed literature, these results support previous findings and provide guidance for interpretation of OF opiate testing.

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“…--2 Diuretics - [182] --S6 Stimulants [63,191,203,205] [189,[192][193][194][196][197][198][199][200]202,204] [24, [186][187][188][189][190][191]195,198,201] S7 Narcotics ----S8 Cannabinoids [208][209][210] [ 95,[208][209][210][211][212][214][215][216][217] - [206][207][208][209][210]213,216] S9 Glucocorticosteroids - [221][222][223][224][225] - [24,...…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Thevis

Kuuranne

Walpurgis

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.

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Morphine and codeine in oral fluid after controlled poppy seed administration

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics

Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics

Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

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