Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics

Abstract

Saliva is gaining increasing attention as a bioanalytical sample matrix. Mostly because of the easy and noninvasive collection, it is not only beneficial in endocrinological and behavioral science, but also in pediatrics. Saliva also has the advantage of being the only body fluid which can be collected even during physical exercise, for example, during sportive activities, and there are physiological characteristics that make it superior to serum/plasma or urine for specific scientific questions. This review provides an insight into the physiology of saliva formation, explaining how certain compounds enter this bodily fluid, and gives advice for collection, storage and analytical methods. Finally, it presents a number of reliable and proven applications for saliva analysis from scientific fields including endocrinology, sports medicine, forensics and immunology.

Salivary levels of specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators as indicators of periodontal health/disease status

“…Although it has been postulated that the dysregulation of SPMs or the dysfunction of resolution pathways may be factors of the immune response that could influence the destructive activity of periodontitis in response to bacterial challenge (Elabdeen et al, ; Hasturk & Kantarci, ; Van Dyke, ; Van Dyke & Serhan, ) nothing is known regarding the salivary levels of these SPMs and their association with the degree of periodontal breakdown. Since understanding the role of homeostatic mechanisms is essential to stop and prevent inflammatory tissue damage and salivary analysis is an efficient method for the biomonitoring of markers associated with periodontitis (Gröschl, ), this study aimed to determine using immunoenzymatic methods, if salivary levels of LXA4, PD1, RvE1 and MaR1 might constitute a reflection of periodontal health/disease status.…”

“…Since understanding the role of homeostatic mechanisms is essential to stop and prevent inflammatory tissue damage and salivary analysis is an efficient method for the biomonitoring of markers associated with periodontitis (Gröschl, 2017), this study aimed to determine using immunoenzymatic methods, if salivary levels of LXA4, PD1, RvE1 and MaR1 might constitute a reflection of periodontal health/disease status.…”

Evaluation of Saliva as a Potential Alternative Sampling Matrix for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Levofloxacin in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

“…The degree of ionization in different compartments is generally explained by pH of the compartments and the pKa of the drug. For example, lipid-soluble nonionized drugs that are not extensively bound to plasma proteins can easily transfer across the phospholipid bilayer of salivary cell membranes compared to ionized hydrophilic ones, which tend to be retained in plasma (24,25). The pKa values for Lfx are 5.35 (strongest acidic) and 6.72 (strongest basic) and a saliva pH range was 4.5 to 8 (23).…”

Sample preparation for large‐scale bioanalytical studies based on liquid chromatographic techniques

“…Saliva and intranasal fluids are gaining increasing attention as bioanalytical sample matrices for scientific fields, such as endocrinology, sports medicine, pediatrics, forensics and immunology (Gröschl, ; Srinivas, ). The convenience of collecting saliva with various devices (Elmongy & Abdel‐Rehim, ), and the noninvasive and painless features of this collection, are only some advantages of studying these matrices for specific bioanalytical applications.…”

“…• plasma proteinsalbumin, fibrinogen A and B, α-1-microglobulin, β-2-microglobulin, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, α-2-HS-glycoprotein (fetuin), serum amyloid A protein,haptoglobin,profilin,vitronectin,desmocollin,thymosin β4,uteroglobin,ubiquitin,gelsolin,somatomedin B,hemopexin. Hemolysis is a process that occurs during or after blood collection, in which lysis of red blood cells results in the release into plasma of blood pigments, such as hemoglobin and bilirubin, and elevated salt concentrations, such as potassium, which results in a pink to red discoloration of the plasma (Hughes, Bajaj, Fan, & Wong, 2009). Saliva and intranasal fluids are gaining increasing attention as bioanalytical sample matrices for scientific fields, such as endocrinology, sports medicine, pediatrics, forensics and immunology (Gröschl, 2017;Srinivas, 2012). The convenience of collecting saliva with various devices (Elmongy & Abdel-Rehim, 2016), and the noninvasive and painless features of this collection, are only some advantages of studying these matrices for specific bioanalytical applications.…”