“…For general introductions to importance sampling and rare-event simulation, see Heidelberger (1995) ; Juneja and Shahabuddin (2006) , and Asmussen and Glynn (2007) . For applications of importance sampling to large portfolio losses, see Bassamboo et al (2008) ; Brereton, Kroese, and Chan (2012) ; Chan and Kroese (2010) ; Glasserman, Kang, and Shahabuddin (2008) ; Glasserman and Li (2005) , and Liu (2015) , among others.…”