“…Hydrogels have attracted increasing attention in recent years for their unique properties such as high-water content, viscoelastic, and biocompatibility ( Gong et al., 2013 ; Guo et al., 2013 ; Wei et al., 2021 ). The porous structure and suitable swelling ratio support various biomedical applications such as biosensing ( Choi et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ), drug delivery ( Zhao et al., 2021 ), tissue engineering ( Ghorbani et al., 2020 ), and microenvironment regulation ( Fan et al., 2014 ). Moreover, numerous surface groups ensure the combination of hydrogels with functional materials to enhance mechanical property and treatment effect ( Kwak et al., 2009 ; Van Nieuwenhove et al., 2016 ; Ahmad et al., 2017 ).…”