Monitoring Land Use Changes and Their Future Prospects Using GIS and ANN-CA for Perak River Basin, Malaysia

Abstract

Natural landscapes have changed significantly through anthropogenic activities, particularly in areas that are severely impacted by climate change and population expansion, such as countries in Southeast Asia. It is essential for sustainable development, particularly efficient water management practices, to know about the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes. Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing were used for monitoring land use changes, whereas artificial neural network cellular automata (ANN-CA) modeling using quantum geographic information systems (QGIS) was performed for prediction of LULC changes. This study investigated the changes in LULC in the Perak River basin for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. The study also provides predictions of future changes for the years 2030, 2040, and 2050. Landsat satellite images were utilized to monitor the land use changes. For the classification of Landsat images, maximum-likelihood supervised classification was implemented. The broad classification defines four main classes in the study area, including (i) waterbodies, (ii) agricultural lands, (iii) barren and urban lands, and (iv) dense forests. The outcomes revealed a considerable reduction in dense forests from the year 2000 to 2020, whereas a substantial increase in barren lands (up to 547.39 km2) had occurred by the year 2020, while urban land use has seen a rapid rise. The kappa coefficient was used to assess the validity of classified images, with an overall kappa coefficient of 0.86, 0.88, and 0.91 for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. In addition, ANN-CA simulation results predicted that barren and urban lands will expand in the future at the expense of other classes in the years 2030, 2040, and 2050. However, a considerable decrease will occur in the area of dense forests in the simulated years. The study successfully presents LULC changes and future predictions highlighting significant pattern of land use change in the Perak River basin. This information could be helpful for land use administration and future planning in the region.

Geomorphologic Change in Nagavali River Basin: Geospatial Approach

“…The LULCC variations in the basin during the period from the year 1990 to 2020 are (i) there is a continuous surge in the built up area from 2.5% to 14% and agricultural land has increased from 8% to 41.6%. The rise can be accountable for exponential population explosion, urbanization, deforestation, industrialization in the lower NRB and conversion of EGB hilly terrain to accommodate the urban population [43,44].…”

Determinación de la clasificación de los usos del suelo mediante sistemas de información geográfica en la subcuenca del río Metztitlán en Hidalgo, México

“…The different ways land is used, i.e., vegetation cover, are known as land use (Alphan, 2017;SEMARNAT, 2002). Land use is dynamic, so it is related to the interaction between human activities and the biophysical conditions of the area (Rai, 2017;Zeshan, 2021); such components are fundamental in global environmental change because of the direct implications on natural resources (Rai, 2017). Meanwhile, land use maps represent the source of information that supports temporal studies of plant communities, the generation of statistical information on the environment, and the monitoring of Mexico's vegetation cover.…”

“…On the other hand, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing are fundamental tools used to monitor and predict land use (Zeshan et al, 2021). These allow the identification and spatial representation of natural resource studies and the understanding of dynamic processes.…”

“…Las diferentes formas en que se emplea un terreno, es decir la cubierta vegetal, se conoce como uso del suelo (Alphan, 2017;SEMARNAT, 2002). El uso del suelo es dinámico, por lo que está relacionado con la interacción entre las actividades humanas y las condiciones biofísicas del área (Rai, 2017;Zeshan, 2021), dichos componentes son fundamentales en el cambio ambiental global por las implicaciones directas en los recursos naturales (Rai, 2017). En tanto que, los mapas de uso del suelo representan la fuente de información que apoya los estudios temporales de las comunidades vegetales y la generación de información estadística del ambiente, así como el monitoreo de la cubierta vegetal de México.…”

“…Por otra parte, los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y la teledetección son herramientas fundamentales que se utilizan para monitorear y predecir el uso del suelo (Zeshan et al, 2021). Estos, permiten identificar y representar espacialmente los estudios de los recursos naturales, así como comprender los procesos dinámicos.…”