Monitoring haemodialysis using electronic nose and chemometrics

Abstract

An ever-increasing number of patients have to undergo regular renal dialysis to compensate for acute or chronic renal failure. The adequacy of the treatment has a profound effect on patients' morbidity and mortality. Therefore it is necessary to assess the delivered dialysis dose. For the quantification of the dialysis dose two parameters are most commonly used, namely the Kt/V value (normalised dose of dialysis) and the urea reduction rate, yet the prescribed dialysis dose often differs from the actual delivered dialysis dose. Currently, no interactive process is available to ensure optimal treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for an "electronic nose" as a novel monitoring tool for haemodialysis. Blood samples were analysed using an electronic nose, comprising an array of 14 conducting polymer sensors, and compared to traditional biochemistry. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to evaluate the data, and demonstrated the ability to distinguish between pre-dialysis blood from post-dialysis blood independent of the method used. It is concluded that the electronic nose is capable of discriminating pre-dialysis from post-dialysis blood and hence, together with an appropriate classification model, suitable for on-line monitoring.

Electronic Nose: Current Status and Future Trends

“…Consequently, an electronic nose can be used for monitoring hemodialysis and to replace the established parameters based on urea concentration. 142 In addition to the examples mentioned above, there are still other domains which are relatively unexplored. Examples are typhoid and yellow fever, where the skin has a smell resembling baked brown bread or a butcher's shop, respectively.…”

Odor Adsorption Kinetics on Modified Textile Materials Using Quartz Microbalance Technique

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“…Many methods have been applied in aromatherapy research in order to verify the so-called healing effects of aroma chemicals and essential oils. It is very difficult to separate the psychological part from the pharmacological effects [1].…”

Artificial Odor Discrimination System Using Electronic Nose and Neural Networks for the Identification of Urinary Tract Infection

“…Using the aforementioned notation, α is a scaling factor or prior probability in a GMM, µ is the center or mean value, and Σ is the diagonal or complete covariance matrix representing the deviation along each axis of the input domain. The parameters a in (8) are the coefficients of the linear model.…”

“…The BH114 instrument consists of a fully integrated sampling system with the sensor array and hardware controlled by proprietary Windowsbased software, which also incorporates data collection and preprocessing software (Fig. 1) [8]. The interaction of the VOCs and the conducting polymer surface produces a change in resistance, which is measured and subsequently displayed on the computer screen.…”