Monitoring and Modeling of Living Cell Responses in the Attachment Process and Reaction to the Antitumor Reagent Cisplatin Studied by a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Combined with a Microscope

Abstract

The attachment process and response to an antitumor reagent for cultured cells were monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) combined with a microscope. To fit the experimentally obtained curves of the resonant frequency, model equations of resonant frequency curves were built, and parameters of time constants and scale coefficients were determined. For the cell attachment process, a first-order lag response curve well fit the experimental curves. For the response to cisplatin, two response steps were observed in both QCM data and microscopic images, where the cells loosened in the first step and shrank in the second step. Resonant frequency responses for both processes were well fit by two logarithmic normal distribution functions. In addition, the dependence of the resonant frequency change on the cell number was also studied, and a cell–cell interaction model for attached cells was proposed to explain the saturation of the resonant frequency change in high density cell seeding.

Analysis of HepG2 cell response to a wide concentration range of mitomycin C using a multichannel quartz crystal microbalance system with a microscope

“…Therefore, QCM has been used for monitoring a chemical or biological phenomenon based on the resonant frequency change and resonant resistance or dumping factor [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] ]. QCM has also been used to examine the cell attachment process, focusing on the interaction between cultured cells and the surface of attached cells [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. The effects of cell density [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] ] and species [ [14] , [15] , [16] ] on the change in the resonant frequency of a quartz crystal have been studied.…”

“…QCM has also been used to examine the cell attachment process, focusing on the interaction between cultured cells and the surface of attached cells [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. The effects of cell density [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] ] and species [ [14] , [15] , [16] ] on the change in the resonant frequency of a quartz crystal have been studied. Polystyrene (hydrophobic surface), metals (hydrophilic surface), and polypeptides have been used to examine the interaction between the cell surface and cultured cells [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] ].…”

“…The effects of cell growth factors, inhibitors, and toxins on cell attachment and growth processes have been investigated [ [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. In these studies, the resonant resistance or dumping factor has been used to analyze the changes in cell characteristics [ [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ].…”

“…Some studies have shown that the change in the resonant frequency of quartz crystals fits with the cell attachment model curves [ 9 , 13 , 15 , 27 ]. In these studies, the cell attachment curves fitted well with the first-order lag response curves [ 13 , 27 ].…”

Sensitive label-free immunoglobulin G detection using a MEMS quartz crystal microbalance biosensor with a 125 MHz wireless quartz resonator

“…31) Muramatsu et al investigated the attachment process and morphological changes of cells through the frequency change of a QCM. 32) However, in a conventional QCM, metal thin films are deposited on both sides of the quartz resonator as electrodes. In addition, mechanical contacts are necessary between the electrodes and the electrical connectors.…”