Molecular evidence of hookworms in public environment of Bangladesh

Abstract

Accurate diagnosis by precise identification of causative agents is essential for the effectiveness of any control interventions. Despite high zoonotic potential, available literature on hookworms in Bangladesh is still scarce and nonspecific. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of hookworms in public locations across northeastern Bangladesh (Sylhet metropolitan area) using integrated parasitological and molecular assays. A total of 130 samples (80 soil and 50 environmental canine feces) were collected and examined using modified flotation technique and formalin-ether sedimentation methods. Modified plate culture was used to isolate larvae. The identification was made based on morphometric features and confirmed by amplifying the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Overall, 66.2% (86/130) of examined samples were positive for hookworms infection. Characteristic eggs (61–68 × 29–37 μm) and/or larvae of hookworms were observed in 73.8% (59/80) soils and 54.0% (27/50) environmental fecal samples. Rhabditiform larvae (0.48–0.54 × 0.04–0.07 mm) were observed in cultured samples. Genetic analysis of rDNA sequences revealed the presence of Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. In this study, hookworms' contamination of the public environment was substantial. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular proof of A. caninum and A. ceylanicum observed in urban public environment in Bangladesh.

Evaluation of heating and liming treatments in sand samples artificially contaminated with Ancylostoma spp. eggs

“…Several studies have reported soil contamination with Ancylostoma spp. in public places, universities, schools, clubs and beaches ( Gallina et al, 2011 ; Rocha et al, 2011 ; Marques et al, 2012 ; Ribeiro et al, 2013 ; Sprenger et al, 2014 ; Leon et al, 2020 ; Silva et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Mello et al, 2022 ; Nath et al, 2023 ).…”

Zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes in pet cats in Yogyakarta (Indonesia) and their susceptibility to anthelmintics

“…Gastrointestinal nematodes are known to be agents that can potentially interfere with animal health and the general welfare of society in various parts of the world. Gastrointestinal nematode infection is a significant obstacle in animal health and public health (Beugnet et al 2014;de Mello et al 2022;Martínez-Sotelo et al 2022;Nath et al 2022;Tadege et al 2022;Nath et al 2023). Cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) from private households, kennels, and feral cats can be infected by gastrointestinal nematodes, i.e.…”

“…Recently, the resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to anthelmintics in animals has been reported worldwide, and single and multiple anthelmintic resistance is of most significant concern worldwide (Castro et al 2019;Kitchen et al 2019;Zekarias and Toka 2019;Fissiha and Kinde 2021;Castro et al 2021;O'Halloran 2021). Some anthelmintic resistance poses a serious threat to animals and society and is very prevalent in countries such as the United States (Castro et al 2019(Castro et al , 2021, China (Wang et al 2017), and Bangladesh (Nath et al 2023).…”