Molecular Detection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Multidrug-, Extensively Drug-, and Pan-Drug-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Egypt

Abstract

In recent times, resistant foodborne pathogens, especially of the Campylobacter species, have created several global crises. These crises have been compounded due to the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development of resistance and the existence of both XDR and PDR among Campylobacter isolates. Moreover, we explored the use of the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique for the detection of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Campylobacter isolates. A total of 120 Campylobacter isolates were identified depending on both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Of note, cefoxitin and imipenem were the most effective drugs against the investigated Campylobacter isolates. Interestingly, the majority of our isolates (75%) were MDR. Unfortunately, both XDR and PDR isolates were detected in our study with prevalence rates of 20.8% and 4.2%, respectively. All FQ-resistant isolates with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥4 µg/mL were confirmed by the genetic detection of gyrA chromosomal mutation via substitution of threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86-to-Ile) using the PCR-RFLP technique. Herein, PCR-RFLP was a more practical and less expensive method used for the detection of FQ resistant isolates. In conclusion, we introduced a fast genetic method for the identification of FQ-resistant isolates to avoid treatment failure through the proper description of antimicrobials.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter Species with Particular Focus on the Growth Promoting, Immunostimulant and Anti-Campylobacter jejuni Activities of Eugenol and Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Mixture in Broiler Chickens

“…Moreover, our findings show alarmingly high resistance prevalence of doxycycline, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin because they are the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of human campylobacter infection resulting in significant problems, where antimicrobial treatment becomes limited. Thus, the utilization of antimicrobials should be controlled in humans and animals [ 4 ]. Thus, it is significant to utilize medicinal plants, such as phytochemicals, as an alternative to the antimicrobials [ 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

“…have been recognized as the most common cause of human foodborne enteritis in the European Union [ 2 , 3 ]. Furthermore, campylobacter infection is hyperendemic, mainly in young children and infants, in developing countries [ 4 , 5 ]. Campylobacter spp.…”

“…The majority of campylobacter infection cases are self-limiting and antimicrobial therapy is not indicated; however, antimicrobial treatment may be necessary under specific clinical conditions, such as immunocompromised individuals and patients with persistent or severe symptoms, prolonged or intense enteritis, extraintestinal infections, and bacteremia [ 2 , 4 ]. In these specific circumstances, the treatment may be complicated because of the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Campylobacter spp., due to the excessive uncontrolled utilization of antimicrobials in the poultry industry, livestock breeding, and veterinary medicine [ 7 , 8 ].…”

“…Chickens have been identified as the main reservoir of Campylobacter spp., and it is responsible for up to 80% of human campylobacteriosis cases. Human infection usually occurs through the handling and consumption of chicken meat and its products that are contaminated during the slaughtering and processing of carcasses [ 4 , 15 ]. Therefore, there is an important demand for effective protocols to control Campylobacter spp.…”

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bovine Mycoplasma Species in Egypt

“…Fluoroquinolones are the therapy of choice for a wide range of clinical and veterinary infections including M. bovis infection in cattle. Fluoroquinolones act via inhibiting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerases IV, which is fundamental for the replication of DNA [ 14 ]. Resistance to fluoroquinolone in many M. bovis strains is due to the chromosomal mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the parC gene encoding topoisomerase IV and the gyrA gene encoding the DNA-gyrase, which is responsible for the high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these antibiotics [ 15 , 16 ].…”