Molecular aspects of exposome and metabolic diseases

Consequences of the exposome to gestational diabetes mellitus

“…The heavy metals also alter the methylation patterns of diabetes-related genes [140]. Thus, it is crucial to assess food and water for contamination with heavy metals since they are not only linked to the development of GDM [109,113,115,120,121,128,139,149] but also with adverse pregnancy outcome [70], risks of autism, hypertension, and altered fetal growth ( [13] a; [40,44,77,109,140]).…”

“…Obesity is also a risk factor for developing GDM [12,84,146,173]. Women with pre-pregnancy obesity that develop GDM are referred to as having 'gestational diabesity' [17,27,112,139]. It is shown that in women with pre-pregnancy obesity the relative risk for developing GDM is 5-times compared with women with pre-pregnancy normal weight [52].…”

“…Gestational diabesity is characterised by metabolic alterations that are different compared with women with a pre-pregnancy normal weight that develop GDM (i.e. lean GDM) or overweight [17,27,51,139,149,150]. To date, gestational diabesity associates with higher mRNA expression of A2B adenosine receptors (A2BAR) protein abundance as a potential mechanism to decrease this condition-associated inflammation [17].…”