Moisture Sorption Response of Paper Subjected to Ramp Humidity Changes:  Modeling and Experiments

Bandyopadhyay, Arnab; Radhakrishnan, Harish; Ramarao, Bandaru V.; Chatterjee, Siddharth G.

doi:10.1021/ie990279w

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…al. [51] suggest that at 1% moisture content only 3% of water is in a liquid-like state, at 5% moisture content the percentage rises to 15% and at moisture contents, higher than 12% only the liquid-like state can be observed, which is in quite good agreement with the conclusions made by Bandyopadhyay [55,59]. As equilibration times, needed for paper to reach a steady state moisture Published in Polym Degrad Stab 96 (2011) 2029-2039 7 content, are long (up to several 100 min) [55,59], the flux must be slow, so it might not have a significant effect on the mobility of ions.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…As mentioned earlier, paper has a relatively long equilibration time [55,59], so sudden changes in moisture content, as a result of small RH changes are unlikely.…”

Section: Temperature and Relative Humidity Fluctuationmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is generally accepted that creep under cycling humidity is accelerated compared to creep at constant humidity at any level, which is known as mechano-sorptive creep [27]. There is some evidence that creep is most pronounced when cycling parameters are just right, as high creep rates are not observed at cycle times much greater than sorption times (the sorption time is characteristic for a given material, paper needs 200-300 min to reach equilibrium after RH change from 15 to 90% [55]) [61]. After a certain period of time, creep leads to strain at which the paper breaks [15,27,56,61].…”

Section: Temperature and Relative Humidity Fluctuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hornification has frequently been associated with the formation of irreversible intra-fibre hydrogen bonding [52], but has recently been described as the particular case of lactone bridge formation in lignocellulosic materials [52]. On the other hand, paper loses elasticity under high humidity conditions (stiffness index is inversely proportional to the moisture content, reaching zero at around 20% [54]), and a rule of thumb is that its strength decreases by 5-10% for each unit percentage increase in the moisture content in paper [55]. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Dose–response functions for historic paper

Menart

Bruin

Strlič

2011

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Paper degradation has been studied extensively over the past few decades from both the conservation and the material science perspectives. This review focuses on the quantifiable impacts of the environment and material composition, from the viewpoint of long-term storage of historic paper-based collections. Therefore, temperature, relative humidity and their variation, and pollution are of major interest while photoinitiated processes are covered only briefly.New experiments comparing the effects of the most abundant indoor pollutants (NO 2 , acetic acid and formaldehyde) and the effects of fluctuating temperature and relative humidity are also presented as part of the discussion. This work highlights the need for revision of the existing doseresponse (damage) functions for paper and their further development. KeywordsHistoric paper; hydrolysis; oxidation; viscometry; colorimetry; heritage science Historic paperDespite the ubiquity of electronic media, paper is still the most generally readable carrier of information. In heritage institutions, collections of documents of the past are being preserved for posterity. It has been estimated that in a typical Western repository, 70-80% of these documents [1] are likely to be acidic and therefore prone to rapid deterioration, their useful lifetime being about a century, a couple at best. This is in a stark contrast to paper produced before ca. 1850, the lifetime of which may be longer for at least a factor of 10 [1]. For curators of these collections, interventive conservation is an option, although the throughput of even mass treatments [2] is not sufficient to address the scale of the problem and the resources are too limited. Stab 96 (2011Stab 96 ( ) 2029Stab 96 ( -2039 2 In many cases, preventive conservation is therefore the preferred option. However, environmental managers may struggle with the abundance of literature available on environmental effects on paper degradation and the surprisingly scarce data that is well quantified and relevant not only to the scientist but to the user as well. Unlike a recent comprehensive review of the basic mechanistic and thermodynamic concepts [3], the focus of the present review is to provide an overview of dose response functions, based on which environmental management in paper-based collections could be optimised to minimise degradation while optimising resource use. Published in Polym DegradThe main structural component of paper is cellulose. As a linear homopolymer, it is composed of identical monomers and scission of inter-monomer bonds leads to its degradation [4]. It is well known that apart from temperature, water (humidity) and acidity in paper are important factors in its degradation [5][6][7]. Acid-catalysed hydrolysis is a major cause of paper strength loss [5,7], although other mechanisms may take place as well, such as oxidation and thermal degradation [7,8], depending on the experimental conditions. The effect of oxygen on the hydrolytic pathway should not be neglected, as differences between accelerate...

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supporting

confidence: 88%

“…As mentioned earlier, paper has a relatively long equilibration time [55,59], so sudden changes in moisture content, as a result of small RH changes are unlikely.…”

Section: Temperature and Relative Humidity Fluctuationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Temperature and Relative Humidity Fluctuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dose–response functions for historic paper

Menart

Bruin

Strlič

2011

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Studies on cellulosic materials such as paper show that elastic moduli and tensile strength are significantly decreased at high relative humidity conditions (Bandyopadhyay et al 2000). Composite foams made of amylopectin and nanocellulose also showed a 30% decrease in storage modulus with increasing relative humidity from 20 to 80% (Svagan et al 2008).…”

Section: List Of Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal conductivity of hygroscopic foams based on cellulose nanofibrils and a nonionic polyoxamer

Apostolopoulou‐Kalkavoura

Gordeyeva

Lavoine

et al. 2017

Cellulose

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Nanocellulose-based lightweight foams are promising alternatives to fossil-based insulation materials for energy-efficient buildings. The properties of cellulose-based materials are strongly influenced by moisture and there is a need to assess and better understand how the thermal conductivity of nanocellulose-based foams depends on the relative humidity and temperature. Here, we report a customized setup for measuring the thermal conductivity of hydrophilic materials under controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions. The thermal conductivity of isotropic foams based on cellulose nanofibrils and a nonionic polyoxamer, and an expanded polystyrene foam was measured over a wide range of temperatures and relative humidity. We show that a previously developed model is unable to capture the strong relative humidity dependence of the thermal conductivity of the hygroscopic, low-density nanocellulose-and nonionic polyoxamer-based foam. Analysis of the moisture uptake and moisture transport was used to develop an empirical model that takes into consideration the moisture content and the wet density of the investigated foam. The new empirical model could predict the thermal conductivity of a foam with a similar composition but almost 3 times higher density.Accurate measurements of the thermal conductivity at controlled temperature and relative humidity and availability of simple models to better predict the thermal conductivity of hygroscopic, low-density foams are necessary for the development of nanocellulose-based insulation materials.

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A numerical method for the evaluation of non-linear transient moisture flow in cellulosic materials

Nyman

Gustafsson

Johannesson

et al. 2006

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng

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SUMMARYA numerical method for the transient moisture flow in porous cellulosic materials like paper and wood is presented. The derivation of the model is based on mass conservation for a mixture containing a vapour phase and an adsorbed water phase embedded in a porous solid material. The principle of virtual moisture concentrations in conjunction with a consistent linearization procedure is used to produce the iterative finite element equations. A monolithic solution strategy is chosen in order to solve the coupled non-symmetric equation system.A model for the development of higher order sorption hysteresis is also developed. The model is capable of describing cyclic hardening as well as cyclic softening of the equilibrium water concentration. The model is verified by comparison with the measured response to natural variations in temperature and humidity. A close agreement of the simulated results to measured data is found.

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Moisture Sorption Response of Paper Subjected to Ramp Humidity Changes: Modeling and Experiments

Cited by 41 publications

References 4 publications

Dose–response functions for historic paper

Dose–response functions for historic paper

Thermal conductivity of hygroscopic foams based on cellulose nanofibrils and a nonionic polyoxamer

A numerical method for the evaluation of non-linear transient moisture flow in cellulosic materials

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