Modelling the Hydraulic Behaviour of Growing Media with the Explicit Finite Volume Solution

Carbone, Marco; Brunetti, Giuseppe; Piro, Patrizia

doi:10.3390/w7020568

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Because actual ET rates in the Northeast U.S. are typically constrained by moisture availability and not energy, a two-step process was developed to generate a time series of Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) time series for use in the SWMM simulations. The first step involved computing a PET time series by inserting the monitored rooftop air temperature (T) and solar radiation (R a ) values into the Hargreaves equation [32]:…”

Section: Rainfall-runoff Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modeling approaches have advanced in number and sophistication since 2007, when Elliot and Trowsdale [26] reported that only one model (e.g., Water Balance Model) could be used to model green roof hydrology explicitly. Recent modeling efforts represent green roof storm water attenuation using runoff coefficients or curve numbers [27][28][29][30] and use more elaborate physically-based models such as HYDRUS-1D (Prague, Czech Republic) [31][32][33] to represent saturated and unsaturated flow patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof

Abualfaraj

Cataldo

Elborolosy

et al. 2018

Water

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Drainage from the 27,316-m2 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center (JJCC) green roof was investigated in the field to quantify the system’s long-term rainfall-runoff response. The JJCC hosts one of the largest extensive green roofs in the United States. Utilizing four years of rooftop monitoring data collected using a weather station, custom designed and built drainage systems, three Parshall flumes equipped with pressure transducers, and weighing lysimeters, this study quantified the 25.4-mm-deep green roof’s ability to decrease the volume and peak rate of runoff. With parameters derived from the site, the Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Management Model (EPA-SWMM) predicted event total runoff volume and event peak runoff rates to within +10% to −20% and +25% to −15% of the observations, respectively. The analysis further indicated that approximately 55% of the cumulative precipitation that fell on the JJCC extensive green roof during the monitoring period (warm weather months, June 2014–November 2017) was captured and retained. The average percent retained on an event-basis was 77%, and average event runoff coefficient was 0.7, implying a substantial reduction in the volume and rate of runoff generated from the roof compared to the pre-green roof condition, when most, if not all, of the precipitated water would have immediately resulted in runoff. Our research suggests that, on average, 96% of rainfall events 6.35 mm or less were retained within the green roof, whereas 27% of the total event volume was retained for events greater than 12.7 mm in depth. A sensitivity analysis suggests if the substrate depth were increased, better stormwater capture performance would be achieved, but only up 127 mm, whereas increased precipitation coupled with warmer temperatures as a result of climate change could decrease the performance by up to 5%, regardless of substrate depth. An equivalency analysis suggested that even shallow green roofs can significantly reduce the required stormwater detention volume that New York City requires on new development. This particular green roof appears to be more than 18 times as cost-effective as a subsurface cistern would be for managing an equivalent volume of stormwater in Midtown Manhattan.

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Section: Rainfall-runoff Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof

Abualfaraj

Cataldo

Elborolosy

et al. 2018

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, existing tools do not incorporate automatic parameter optimization techniques and sensitivity analysis routines, which have proven to be fundamental when the model includes multiple parameters. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on applying and developing physicallybased models for the LID analysis (Carbone et al, 2015a), however more research is still needed in this direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive numerical analysis of the hydraulic behavior of a permeable pavement

Brunetti

Šimůnek

Piro

2016

Journal of Hydrology

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115

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a b s t r a c tThe increasing frequency of flooding events in urban catchments related to an increase in impervious surfaces highlights the inadequacy of traditional urban drainage systems. Low Impact Development (LID) techniques have proven to be a viable and effective alternative by reducing stormwater runoff and increasing the infiltration and evapotranspiration capacity of urban areas. However, the lack of adequate modeling tools represents a barrier in designing and constructing such systems. This paper investigates the suitability of a mechanistic model, HYDRUS-1D, to correctly describe the hydraulic behavior of permeable pavement installed at the University of Calabria. Two different scenarios of describing the hydraulic behavior of the permeable pavement system were analyzed: the first one uses a singleporosity model for all layers of the permeable pavement; the second one uses a dual-porosity model for the base and sub-base layers. Measured and modeled month-long hydrographs were compared using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) index. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) followed by a Monte Carlo filtering highlighted the influence of the wear layer on the hydraulic behavior of the pavement and identified the ranges of parameters generating behavioral solutions. Reduced ranges were then used in the calibration procedure conducted with the metaheuristic Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for the estimation of hydraulic parameters. The best fit value for the first scenario was NSE = 0.43; for the second scenario, it was NSE = 0.81, indicating that the dual-porosity approach is more appropriate for describing the variably-saturated flow in the base and sub-base layers. Estimated parameters were validated using an independent, month-long set of measurements, resulting in NSE values of 0.43 and 0.86 for the first and second scenarios, respectively. The improvement in correspondence between measured and modeled hydrographs confirmed the reliability of the combination of GSA and PSO in dealing with highly dimensional optimization problems. Obtained results have demonstrated that PSO, due to its easiness of implementation and effectiveness, can represent a new and viable alternative to traditional optimization algorithms for the inverse estimation of unsaturated hydraulic properties. Finally, the results confirmed the suitability and the accuracy of HYDRUS-1D in correctly describing the hydraulic behavior of permeable pavements.

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“…Mechanistic models have proven to be a valid and reliable alternative to conceptual and analytical models for the analysis of green roofs and LIDs in general. Carbone et al (2015a) developed a one‐dimensional finite volume model for description of the infiltration process during rainfall events in green roof substrates. The model was based on the reduced advective form of the Richards equation, in which the soil water diffusivity was neglected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Variably Saturated Hydraulic Behavior of a Green Roof in a Mediterranean Climate

Brunetti

Šimůnek

Piro

2016

Vadose Zone Journal

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Core Ideas A comprehensive numerical analysis of hydrological processes in a green roof was conducted. The substrate of the green roof demonstrated bimodal behavior. The validated model accurately describes the hydraulic behavior of the green roof. The soil moisture governs the performance of the green roof during precipitation. Low‐impact developments (LIDs), such as green roofs, have proven to be valuable alternatives for stormwater management and hydrological restoration. Mechanistic models are reliable and accurate tools for analysis of the hydrologic behavior of LIDs, yet only a few studies provide a comprehensive numerical analysis of the hydrological processes involved and test their model predictions against field‐scale data. Moreover, more research is needed to determine the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the substrates used in LIDs. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the hydrological behavior of an extensive green roof installed at the University of Calabria. The soil hydraulic properties were determined by using the simplified evaporation method. Both unimodal and bimodal soil hydraulic functions were used in the analysis. The estimated parameters were then used in the HYDRUS‐3D model to simulate a 2‐mo‐long period. Precipitation, irrigation, evaporation, and root water uptake processes were included in the numerical analysis. The values of 0.74 and 0.8 of the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index for the model predictions using unimodal and bimodal functions, respectively, confirmed the good agreement between the modeled and measured outflows. The bimodal model was able to both accurately reproduce the hydrographs in both dry and wet periods and account for daily fluctuations of soil moisture. Finally, the validated model was used to carry out a hydrological analysis of the green roof and its hydrological performance during the entire simulated period as well as during single precipitation events.

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Modelling the Hydraulic Behaviour of Growing Media with the Explicit Finite Volume Solution

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof

Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof

A comprehensive numerical analysis of the hydraulic behavior of a permeable pavement

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Variably Saturated Hydraulic Behavior of a Green Roof in a Mediterranean Climate

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