Modelling and Simulation for the use of Natural Waste to Purified Contaminated Heavy Metals

Abstract

The possibility of recovering one of the famous heavy metal ions, divalent copper, from contaminated aqueous solutions (which simulates wastewater) was studied in this study. The removal method was adsorption technique using a laboratory batch-mode unit, while the used tea leaves were the adsorption media. The adsorption process was performed under various operating conditions and ranges that simulate the natural environmental conditions to determine the ideal values that achieve the maximum removal of copper ions. The acquired results demonstrated that the maximum remediation efficiency was 85%, which was achieved at treatment time, shaking speed, initial concentration, temperature, acid function, and adsorption dose of 90 min, 250 rpm, 70 ppm, 25°C, 4, 4.5 g, respectively. The values of the thermodynamic properties demonstrated that adsorption is spontaneous, exothermic and has negative entropy, while adsorption follows Langmuir’s model and the second pseudo-model according to the isotherm and kinetic studies, respectively. To conduct the Zero Residues Level concept, the loaded used tea leaves were prepared to study it effect as a simple type of rodenticide by applying it to Sprague Dawley rats. The results of the test show that the effectiveness of utilizing the residues as rodenticide and the LD50 of the proposed rodenticide were identical to those mentioned in the literature. Based on these results, the current study sheds light on the possibility of converting used tea leaves from harmful solid waste to an environmentally friendly substance using it as an effective adsorbent medium for the treatment of water polluted with heavy metals.

Bioethanol Production From Agricultural Waste: A Review

“…Its solubility extends to polar solvents, such as water, owing to its capability to attract hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Additionally, it can dissolve in various organic solvents, including but not limited to glycerin, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform [19].…”

“…Besides being used in various sectors, numerous methods for producing raw materials as renewable resources have been devised [25,26]. According to [19], Brazil and the United States produce the most bioethanol worldwide. Since 1975, Brazil has made ethanol from sugarcane as automobile fuel, whereas the United States has produced ethanol from corn.…”

Study of chemical and physical parameters affected on purification of water from inorganic contaminants

“…There is no trustworthy evidence until now that life can exist anywhere else in this universe than on Earth. In spite of this well-known actuality, man, since his presence on the blue planet, continued to deplete its natural resources and pollute his environment [1]. With the exception of some natural factors -which are sometimes caused by humans -all other environmental problems are caused by various human activities, and one of the most important of these environmental issues is pollution [2].…”

“…This type results in a great danger to human health as a result of the contamination of water and food sources with these elements and the transfer of pollutants to him through the food chain [9]. There are several types of pollutants that fall under the heading of chemical pollution, including pollution with organic substances such as dyes [10], phenols [11] and Humic acid [12], pollution with positive ions such as, manganese [13], cobalt [14], lead [15], cadmium [16], zinc [8], copper [1], antimony [17], nickel [18] and the other heavy elements [14], and pollution with negative ions such as phosphates [19], and cyanide [20], etc. These ions and elements mentioned above, if they exceed the permissible limits, have different effects on human health and lead to various diseases that may lead to death at different times [21].…”

“…Agricultural wastes are considered as sources of many benefit materials like acetone [4], nano-material [32], and have different applications such as enhanced concrete [33], and purified soil, water and crude oil from contaminants. Many types of agricultural waste were used as adsorption media and proved effective in water treatment, including rice husk [34], lemon peels [8], orange peels [5], tea waste leaves [1], egg shells [17], aluminum foil [7], water melon rinds [16], algae [35], and water hyacinth [6]. Although the adsorption method is limited in efficiency under normal conditions and leaves large quantities of substances that are often toxic [36], these obstacles were overcome by adjusting the operating conditions and investigating the use of polluted residues in an environmentally friendly manner through the zero residues level (ZRL) concept [37].…”