Modelling and fabrication of Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes

Kindt, W.J.; Zeijl, H.W. van

doi:10.1109/23.682621

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…During the past three decades, a number of custom planar technologies have been developed for fabricating SPAD devices with optimized performance [75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. A definite advantage of these technologies is their inherent suitability for the fabrication of SPAD arrays.…”

Section: Available Spad Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Photon-Counting Avalanche Diodes for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Michalet

Ingargiola

Colyer

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Solution-based single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful experimental tool with applications in cell biology, biochemistry and biophysics. The basic feature of this technique is to excite and collect light from a very small volume and work in a low concentration regime resulting in rare burst-like events corresponding to the transit of a single molecule. Detecting photon bursts is a challenging task: the small number of emitted photons in each burst calls for high detector sensitivity. Bursts are very brief, requiring detectors with fast response time and capable of sustaining high count rates. Finally, many bursts need to be accumulated to achieve proper statistical accuracy, resulting in long measurement time unless parallelization strategies are implemented to speed up data acquisition. In this paper we will show that silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) best meet the needs of single-molecule detection. We will review the key SPAD parameters and highlight the issues to be addressed in their design, fabrication and operation. After surveying the state-of-the-art SPAD technologies, we will describe our recent progress towards increasing the throughput of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in solution using parallel arrays of SPADs. The potential of this approach is illustrated with single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer measurements.

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Section: Available Spad Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Photon-Counting Avalanche Diodes for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Michalet

Ingargiola

Colyer

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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“…Based on the space environment information system (SPENVIS) [43], we used the AP8-min and AE8-min models to evaluate the total displacement damage dose, which was equal to 92 1.60 10 protons / cm  (this is equivalent to 50 MeV protons behind the 3 mm thick aluminum of the satellite case) for durations of two years, or 62 2.19 10 protons / cm  per day. In the case of the APD operating in Geiger mode, its DCR can be expressed as [44],…”

Section: Radiation Damage and Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spaceborne, low-noise, single-photon detection for satellite-based quantum communications

Yang

Ren

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

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Single-photon detectors (SPDs) play important roles in highly sensitive detection applications, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, remote sensing and ranging, deep space optical communications, elementary particle detection, and quantum communications. However, the adverse conditions in space, such as the increased radiation flux and thermal vacuum, severely limit their noise performances, reliability, and lifetime. Herein, we present the first example of spaceborne, low-noise, high reliability SPDs, based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD). Based on the high noise-radiation sensitivity of silicon APD, we have developed special shielding structures, multistage cooling technologies, and configurable driver electronics that significantly improved the COTS APD reliability and mitigated the SPD noise-radiation sensitivity. This led to a reduction of the expected in-orbit radiation-induced dark count rate (DCR) from ~219 counts per second (cps) per day to ~0.76 cps/day. During a continuous period of continuous operations in orbit which spanned of 1029 days, the SPD DCR was maintained below 1000 cps, i.e., the actual in-orbit radiation-induced DCR increment rate was ~0.54 cps/day, i.e., two orders of magnitude lower than those evoked by previous technologies, while its photon detection efficiency was > 45%. Our spaceborne, low-noise SPDs established a feasible satellite-based up-link quantum communication that was validated on the quantum experiment science satellite platform. Moreover, our SPDs open new windows of opportunities for space research and applications in deep-space optical communications, single-photon laser ranging, as well as for testing the fundamental principles of physics in space.

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“…The maximum practical excess voltage is limited by the dark count rate (DCR) which also increases with increasing excess voltage. Dark counts, which are avalanche events in the absence of light, result from carriers thermally generated from traps acting as generation centers [23]. …”

Section: Imager Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Array for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

Schwartz

Charbon

Shepard

2008

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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We describe the design, characterization, and demonstration of a fully integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager for use in time-resolved fluorescence imaging. The imager consists of a 64-by-64 array of active SPAD pixels and an on-chip time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on a delay-locked loop (DLL) and calibrated interpolators. The imager can perform both standard time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and an alternative gated-window detection useful for avoiding pulse pile-up when measuring bright signal levels. To illustrate the use of the imager, we present measurements of the decay lifetimes of fluorescent dyes of several types with a timing resolution of 350 ps.

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Modelling and fabrication of Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes

Cited by 59 publications

References 6 publications

Silicon Photon-Counting Avalanche Diodes for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Silicon Photon-Counting Avalanche Diodes for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Spaceborne, low-noise, single-photon detection for satellite-based quantum communications

A Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Array for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

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