Modeling Transient Pupillary Light Reflex Induced by a Short Light Flash

Fan, Xiaofei; Yao, Gang

doi:10.1109/tbme.2010.2080678

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This device provides precise measurement of the location of ocular gaze and pupil diameter with an accuracy of ∼1 • visual angle via an infrared, desktop mounted camera. In addition to cognitive effort, a number of factors affect pupillometry including the pupillary light reflex (Fan and Yao, 2011) produced by the sympathetic nervous system (Andreassi, 2000). Consequently, the sound booth's lights remained off during the task.…”

Section: Pupillometry Recording and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of Speech Categorization Revealed Through Pupillometry

Lewis

Bidelman

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Human perception requires the many-to-one mapping between continuous sensory elements and discrete categorical representations. This grouping operation underlies the phenomenon of categorical perception (CP)-the experience of perceiving discrete categories rather than gradual variations in signal input. Speech perception requires CP because acoustic cues do not share constant relations with perceptual-phonetic representations. Beyond facilitating perception of unmasked speech, we reasoned CP might also aid the extraction of target speech percepts from interfering sound sources (i.e., noise) by generating additional perceptual constancy and reducing listening effort. Specifically, we investigated how noise interference impacts cognitive load and perceptual identification of unambiguous (i.e., categorical) vs. ambiguous stimuli. Listeners classified a speech vowel continuum (/u/-/a/) at various signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs [unmasked, 0 and −5 dB]). Continuous recordings of pupil dilation measured processing effort, with larger, later dilations reflecting increased listening demand. Critical comparisons were between time-locked changes in eye data in response to unambiguous (i.e., continuum endpoints) tokens vs. ambiguous tokens (i.e., continuum midpoint). Unmasked speech elicited faster responses and sharper psychometric functions, which steadily declined in noise. Noise increased pupil dilation across stimulus conditions, but not straightforwardly. Noise-masked speech modulated peak pupil size (i.e., [0 and −5 dB] > unmasked). In contrast, peak dilation latency varied with both token and SNR. Interestingly, categorical tokens elicited earlier pupil dilation relative to ambiguous tokens. Our pupillary data suggest CP reconstructs auditory percepts under challenging listening conditions through interactions between stimulus salience and listeners' internalized effort and/or arousal.

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Section: Pupillometry Recording and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of Speech Categorization Revealed Through Pupillometry

Lewis

Bidelman

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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“…By inverse dynamic modeling, they were able to estimate the PNS contribution based on PLR response, and the whole model was validated by experimental testing. Fan and Yao [ 97 ] built a similar model where PNS activity was considered as part of the input. They extracted the PNS contribution from experimental data and found a higher PNS activity in females than in males, which is in line with previous findings based on cardiovascular measurements [ 98 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasympathetic Nervous System Dysfunction, as Identified by Pupil Light Reflex, and Its Possible Connection to Hearing Impairment

et al. 2016

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ContextAlthough the pupil light reflex has been widely used as a clinical diagnostic tool for autonomic nervous system dysfunction, there is no systematic review available to summarize the evidence that the pupil light reflex is a sensitive method to detect parasympathetic dysfunction. Meanwhile, the relationship between parasympathetic functioning and hearing impairment is relatively unknown.ObjectivesTo 1) review the evidence for the pupil light reflex being a sensitive method to evaluate parasympathetic dysfunction, 2) review the evidence relating hearing impairment and parasympathetic activity and 3) seek evidence of possible connections between hearing impairment and the pupil light reflex.MethodsLiterature searches were performed in five electronic databases. All selected articles were categorized into three sections: pupil light reflex and parasympathetic dysfunction, hearing impairment and parasympathetic activity, pupil light reflex and hearing impairment.ResultsThirty-eight articles were included in this review. Among them, 36 articles addressed the pupil light reflex and parasympathetic dysfunction. We summarized the information in these data according to different types of parasympathetic-related diseases. Most of the studies showed a difference on at least one pupil light reflex parameter between patients and healthy controls. Two articles discussed the relationship between hearing impairment and parasympathetic activity. Both studies reported a reduced parasympathetic activity in the hearing impaired groups. The searches identified no results for pupil light reflex and hearing impairment.Discussion and ConclusionsAs the first systematic review of the evidence, our findings suggest that the pupil light reflex is a sensitive tool to assess the presence of parasympathetic dysfunction. Maximum constriction velocity and relative constriction amplitude appear to be the most sensitive parameters. There are only two studies investigating the relationship between parasympathetic activity and hearing impairment, hence further research is needed. The pupil light reflex could be a candidate measurement tool to achieve this goal.

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“… Froesch (1973) described a muscle layer within the iris of octopus, however, he could not distinguish between sphincters and dilators; an aspect that still awaits examination in a future project. Modeling the pupillary responses of Octopus vulgaris (see models for the human pupil such as Longtin and Milton, 1989 ; Pamplona et al, 2009 ; Fan and Yao, 2011 ; Johansson and Balkenius, 2017 ), another possible direction of current research, might additionally help to understand the underlying mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pupillary Response of the Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)

2020

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Cephalopods have very conspicuous eyes that are often compared to fish eyes. However, in contrast to many fish, the eyes of cephalopods possess mobile pupils. To increase the knowledge of pupillary and thus visual function in cephalopods, the dynamics of the pupil of one of the model species among cephalopods, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), was determined in this study. We measured pupillary area as a function of ambient luminance to document the light and dark reaction of the octopus eye. The results show that weak light (<1 cd/m 2) is enough to cause a pupil constriction in octopus, and that the pupil reacts fast to changing light conditions. The t 50-value defined as the time required for achieving half-maximum constriction ranged from 0.45 to 1.29 s and maximal constriction from 10 to 20% of the fully dilated pupil area, depending on the experimental condition. Axial light had a stronger influence on pupil shape than light from above, which hints at a shadow effect of the horizontal slit pupil. We observed substantial variation of the pupil area under all light conditions indicating that light-independent factors such as arousal or the need to camouflage the eye affect pupil dilation/constriction. In conclusion, the documentation of pupil dynamics provides evidence that the pupil of octopus is adapted to low ambient light levels. Nevertheless it can quickly adapt to and thus function under brighter illumination and in a very inhomogeneous light environment, an ability mediated by the dynamic pupil in combination with previously described additional processes of light/dark adaptation in octopus.

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Modeling Transient Pupillary Light Reflex Induced by a Short Light Flash

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of Speech Categorization Revealed Through Pupillometry

Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of Speech Categorization Revealed Through Pupillometry

Parasympathetic Nervous System Dysfunction, as Identified by Pupil Light Reflex, and Its Possible Connection to Hearing Impairment

The Pupillary Response of the Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)

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