Modelagem matematica da dinamica da Leishmaniose

Letters of Conversion: Meta‐Alphabetic Discourse and Linguistic Participation in Colonial Highland Guatemala

“…8 In aligning readers and himself with Spanish and signaling distance from "this" Mayan language, he juxtaposed participant groups according to cultural-linguistic affiliation (compare Delgado 1725, fol. 1r;Flores 1753;Rosales 1920Rosales [1748, 3; Torresano 1754, fol. 136r-143r).…”

“…A key consequence of missionaries to the Spanish Americas linking sign and sound in their linguistic-alphabetic documentation was structural: namely, passages about orthography tend to feature the most explicit discussions of pronunciation in artes (see Chinchilla 1995;Hanks 2010, 206-207, 240-241). Fray Carlos Rosales (1920Rosales ( [1748, 1), for example, justified opening his Kaqchikel arte with the alphabet by contending that "the most essential, necessary, or convenient for understanding or knowing this language is its manner of pronunciation" (compare Flores 1753, 2). 2 Indeed, pronunciation seems to have been of much greater concern to arte compilers than legible handwriting, standardized spelling, or reading comprehension, among other challenges that learners would conceivably encounter with a foreign writing system.…”

“…But it also motivated conscious omission of other information from the same descriptions. Letters whose phonemic application in highland Mayan languages was equivalent to Spanish were usually glossed over or excluded entirely because "they were pronounced in the same way as we pronounce them [in] Castile" (Rosales 1920(Rosales [1748, 3). 9 Such brevity presupposed the reader's familiarity with the letters, unlike native-speaking Mayas who, according to Fray Bartholom e de Anleo (2002Anleo ( [1744, 34), tended to confuse and "[were] hardly able to pronounce them [Spanish phonemes]" 10 (compare also Xim enez 1993Xim enez [1701, 4).…”

“…13 Several later grammarians like Anleo (2002Anleo ( [1744), Flores (1753), and Fray Angel (1775) provided even more phonetic information about sounds denoted by non-Castilian graphemes, often elaborated with contrastive reference to other Mayan phonemes. According to Rosales (1920Rosales ( [1748, 1), the sign < >, for instance, "is pronounced touching and striking the middle of the palate with the tongue, without closing the teeth or any of them touching each other, sounding like a castanet." 14 Still, many compilers addressed alphabetic and phonological difficulties less directly or elided them entirely.…”

Modelagem matemática da dinâmica da Leishmaniose visceral canina incluindo medidas de prevenção e controle

“…Dessa forma, consideramos que o tempo de vida médio de um cachorro varia entre 5 a 14 anos, considerando assim o valor médio de 9 anos para a obtenção do parâmetro µ C , isto é, µ C " 2, 884ˆ10 ´4. A mortalidade adicional dos cães sintomáticos foi calculada com base na proporção entre as taxas de mortalidade natural e acrescida presente no artigo (25). Dessa forma, foi considerado que essa população vive em média 554 dias e consequentemente µ IS " 0, 001517, uma vez que 554 " 1 µ C `µIS .…”