Modal gain and its diameter dependence in single-ZnO micro- and nanowires

Richters, Jan‐Peter; Kalden, J.; Gnauck, M.; Ronning, Carsten; Dietrich, Christof P.; Wenckstern, Holger von; Grundmann, Marius; Gutowski, J.; Voss, T.

doi:10.1088/0268-1242/27/1/015005

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This value is similar to experimentally observed values, see refs. , , and , but about two orders of magnitudes lower than recently calculated values, see refs. and .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The length of the nanowires considered varied between 7 ± 2.5 µm, see Figure . While nanowire length is known to influence cavity losses, the measured threshold variations of the nanowire lasers considered were much larger than the variation in nanowire length. Plasmon nanowire lasers based on monocrystalline silver films show on average an about 20% lower threshold than other devices (with average threshold of 1.69 GW cm −2 compared to 2.16 and 2.10 GW cm −2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Influence of Silver Film Quality on the Threshold of Plasmonic Nanowire Lasers

Sidiropoulos

Liu

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

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Such lasers enable the investigation of enhanced light-matter interactions and can have large impact on applications in the fields of nonlinear optics, sensing, and optical communications. [7][8][9][10][11][12] However, metal-based lasers suffer from high losses, caused by the inherent electron scattering in metals, which leads to an increased lasing threshold and limits their use in applications. To minimize losses and thus improve their performance, it has been suggested to use metal films of high quality which ideally have an ultraflat surface with a high crystalline perfection. [1,[13][14][15][16] Typically, metal films are deposited by thermal evaporation or sputtering. However, the quality of thin metal films is strongly dependent on the growth conditions [17,18] and without careful optimization they are polycrystalline with a surface roughness on the order of a few nanometers. [19,20] Alternatively, the template-stripping method can be used to obtain ultraflat metal films, [21,22] however stripped films are usually still polycrystalline. Optimally, the metal films should be a single crystal with an atomically flat surface over a large area. Epitaxial growth and chemical synthesis have been demonstrated as an effective way to obtain monocrystalline metal films for reducing the metal losses. [13,17,[23][24][25][26] It is known that a high deposition rate and high substrate temperature are essential to obtain epitaxial growth of continuous and flat monocrystalline metal films based on a general deposition system (thermal evaporator or sputtering system). [17,19] In this work, first the film fabrication process for both template-stripping and epitaxial growth based on a thermal evaporator was optimized. Subsequently, the performance of room temperature hybrid plasmonic ZnO nanowire lasers with different silver films (general polycrystalline silver films, template-stripped silver films, and monocrystalline silver films) was characterized.The lasers under study consist of single-crystal, wurtzite ZnO nanowires lying on a silver film with a 10 nm thick magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) spacer layer, as shown in Figure 1. [27] The widebandgap semiconductor ZnO (E g ≈ 3.37 eV) emits in the ultraviolet regime (≈380 nm), which is close to the surface plasmon frequency of a silver/air interface. [6,[28][29][30][31] For optimizing the epitaxial growth of silver films, C-axis mica is chosen as a substrate due to its extremely clean and atomically flat surface, low cost, and well lattice-matched crystalline structure with In recent years, the field of plasmonics has become dependent on the ability to maximize the quality of metal films. In particular, plasmonic lasers will require a metal loss as low as possible in order to minimize their operational threshold if they are to find applications. In this article, the findings of recent studies, which report reduced thresholds in plasmonic lasers incorporating high quality metal films with both ultraflat surfaces and high crystallinity, are reassessed. In particular, the role of d...

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“…This value is similar to experimentally observed values, see refs. , , and , but about two orders of magnitudes lower than recently calculated values, see refs. and .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Influence of Silver Film Quality on the Threshold of Plasmonic Nanowire Lasers

Sidiropoulos

Liu

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…2(a), as a result of damping and losses, depending on the quality of the wire under investigation. Recently, Richters et al [38] measured the modal gain spectrum of a single ZnO nanowire and found a maximum of 0:4 m À1 at 3.24 eV. The laser emission photon energy of a ZnO nanowire at room temperature is typically about 3.2 eV, as can be seen, for example, in Fig.…”

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confidence: 91%

Room-Temperature Laser Emission of ZnO Nanowires Explained by Many-Body Theory

2012

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Are excitons involved in lasing in ZnO nanowires or not? Our recently developed and experimentally tested quantum many-body theory sheds new light on this question. We measured the laser thresholds and Fabry-Pérot laser modes for three radically different excitation schemes. The thresholds, photon energies, and mode spacings can all be explained by our theory, without invoking enhanced light-matter interaction, as is needed in an earlier excitonic model. Our conclusion is that lasing in ZnO nanowires at room temperature is not of excitonic nature, as is often thought, but instead is electron-hole plasma lasing.

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“…established that material gains of order 4 × 10 3 cm −1 can be maintained for GaN nanolasers [28]. Moreover, experimental results confirm that modal gain about 4.8 × 10 3 cm −1 can be achieved for a material gain in the range of 5 × 10 3 cm −1 to 10 × 10 3 cm −1 [29]. On this basis, for the specific calculations performed in this paper, the core semiconductor is considered to provide a material gain of 5 × 10 3 cm −1 over all wavelengths of interest.…”

Section: Laser Structurementioning

confidence: 84%

Design optimisation of metallic sub‐wavelength nanowire lasers

Sattar

Shore

Wang

2014

IET Optoelectronics

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Design optimisation of metal-clad cylindrical nanowire semiconductor lasers is undertaken. Attention is focused on structures having GaN as the material platform and utilising silver for the metal cladding. The lasing characteristics of such structures are explored using both the transfer matrix method and the finite element method for operating wavelengths from 330 to 830 nm and for metal cladding thicknesses in the range of 5-20 nm. Specifically, calculations are performed for the modal confinement factor, modal gain and device length across this wide parameter space. For representative structures, it is shown that lower-order TE and TM mode lasing can be supported in devices having cavity lengths of the order of 2 and 18 µm, respectively.

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Modal gain and its diameter dependence in single-ZnO micro- and nanowires

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of Silver Film Quality on the Threshold of Plasmonic Nanowire Lasers

Influence of Silver Film Quality on the Threshold of Plasmonic Nanowire Lasers

Room-Temperature Laser Emission of ZnO Nanowires Explained by Many-Body Theory

Design optimisation of metallic sub‐wavelength nanowire lasers

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