Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain)

Ponce-Antón, Graciela; Arizzi, Anna; Zuluaga, María Cruz; Cultrone, Giuseppe; Ortega, Luis Ángel; Mauleón, Juantxo Agirre

doi:10.3390/ma12040584

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Starting from the beginning of 20th century, with the expansion of Portland cement (PC) production, lime plasters were replaced with cement plasters or cement-lime plaster. As lime was used for walling and rendering of buildings for centuries, lime-based plasters are one of the main components of a significant number of old buildings [4,5,6,7]. Presently, the application potential of lime mortars is reduced due to the intensive use of PC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar

et al. 2019

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The goal of the paper was development and testing of a novel type of ternary blended binder based on lime hydrate, metakaolin, and biomass ash that was studied as a binding material for production of lightweight mortar for renovation purposes. The biomass ash used as one of binder components was coming from wood chips ash combustion in a biomass heating plant. The raw ash was mechanically activated by grinding. In mortar composition, wood chips ash and metakaolin were used as partial substitutes of lime hydrate. Silica sand of particle size fraction 0–2 mm was mixed from three normalized sand fractions. For the evaluation of the effect of biomass ash and metakaolin incorporation in mortar mix on material properties, reference lime mortar was tested as well. Among the basic physical characterization of biomass ash, metakaolin and lime hydrate, specific density, specific surface, and particle size distribution were assessed. Their chemical composition was measured by X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elements mapping was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyser, and mineralogical composition was tested using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). For the developed mortars, set of structural, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties was assessed. The mortars with ternary blended binder exhibited improved mechanical resistance, lower thermal conductivity, and increased water vapor permeability compared to the reference lime mortar. Based on good functional performance of the produced mortar, the tested biomass ash could potentially represent a novel sustainable alternative to other pozzolans commonly used in construction industry. Moreover, reuse of biomass ash in production of building materials is highly beneficial both from the environmental and economic reasons especially taking into account circular economy principles. The ternary blended binder examined in this paper can find use in both rendering and walling repair mortars meeting the requirements of culture heritage authorities and technical standards.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar

et al. 2019

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“…Various kinds of mortars and plasters have been utilized all over the world from ancient times to modern days. In this sense, over time, their composition and in particular binder components have changed, from clearly natural materials, often represented by clays [1,2,3], to traditional binders, such as air lime [4,5,6,7], natural hydraulic lime [8,9,10,11,12], and their combination with natural or/and artificial pozzolans (diatomaceous earth, tuffs, zeolite, pumice, etc.) [13,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

et al. 2019

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In this paper, crushed lava granulate was used as full silica sand replacement in composition of repair mortars based on hydrated lime, natural hydraulic lime, or cement-lime binder. Lava granules were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size distribution of both silica and lava aggregates was assessed using standard sieve analysis. Hygrothermal function of the developed lightweight materials was characterized by the measurement of complete set of hygric, thermal, and structural parameters of the hardened mortar samples that were tested for both 28 days and 90 days cured specimens. As the repair mortars must also meet requirements on mechanical performance, their compressive strength, flexural strength, and dynamic Young’s modulus were tested. The newly developed mortars composed of lava aggregate and hydrated lime or natural hydraulic lime met technical, functional, compatibility, and performance criteria on masonry and rendering materials, and were found well applicable for repair of historically valuable buildings.

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“…There are at least three distinct sectors that require a different study approach: (a) conservation of historical monuments, (b) the archaeological sector, and (c) the research sector [7,21]. In the context of conservation, information on the composition of ancient mortars with the purpose of understanding the decay phenomena and to formulate restoration mortars compatible with the materials and environmental conditions present is required [22][23][24]. The archaeological sector is mainly interested in the dating of the masonries, origin of raw materials, technologies for the realization of the mixtures, and contribution to the knowledge of the construction phases.…”

Section: Historical Background On the Study Of Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical and Electronic Microscope for Minero-Petrographic and Microchemical Studies of Lime Binders of Ancient Mortars

Cantisani¹,

Fratini²,

Pecchioni

2021

Minerals

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In this paper, the advances in the use of optical and electronic microscope for study of the minero-petrographic and microchemical features of lime binders of ancient mortars are discussed for various case studies. Mortars belonging to several historic periods and with different functions in building structures and archaeological sites were selected in order to verify the complementarity of optical and electronic microscope analyses applied to these artificial materials. The data obtained with the application of optical and microscope analyses were able to provide detailed and more precise information on the composition, structure, and texture of lime binders, highlighting the features of air hardening calcitic lime binder, air hardening magnesian lime binder, natural hydraulic lime binder, and air hardening binders with materials providing hydraulic characteristics added. Furthermore, a complete analysis and classification of the lime lumps was determined.

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Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain)

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar

Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar

Mortars with Crushed Lava Granulate for Repair of Damp Historical Buildings

Optical and Electronic Microscope for Minero-Petrographic and Microchemical Studies of Lime Binders of Ancient Mortars

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