Mineralisation of the antibiotic amoxicillin in pure and surface waters by artificial UVA‐ and sunlight‐induced Fenton oxidation

Analysis, occurrence and fate of commonly used pharmaceuticals and hormones in the Buyukcekmece Watershed, Turkey

“…However, this is not valid for samples taken in July where ciprofloxacin concentrations were higher than amoxicillin in all sampling points and sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin concentrations were higher than amoxicillin in the lake, Karasu, Tahtakopru and Hamza Rivers. The lower concentration of amoxicillin compared to other antibiotics in July samples could be explained by the susceptibility of amoxicillin to photodegradation (Mavronikola et al, 2009) in the presence of intense sunlight whereas the other antibiotics are resistant to photodegra- Table 4 Median, maximum and minimum concentrations and occurence rate of the compounds. dation.…”

Removal of ampicillin sodium in solution using activated carbon adsorption integrated with H2O2 oxidation

“…Also, some by-products that are more resistant may be generated during the ·OH oxidation process. In Huang's, 31 Trovo's and Chariklia's research, 32,33 they found during the oxidation of penicillin G sodium or amoxicillin (another two β-lactam antibiotics with key structures very similar to ampicillin) by Fenton, by-products that are more resistant to further oxidation were generated. So these by-products could only be removed by activated carbon, and as a result, a further increase of H 2 O 2 concentration did not improve the removal efficiency.…”

“…The reason may be that the β-lactam ring is very strained and unstable and hence makes the molecule reactive. 33 So the moleculars, especially the β-lactam ring, are easily attacked by ·OH and the byproducts are readily adsorbed by activated carbon. To achieve the same removal effect, more B-GAC than Fe-GAC was needed as B-GAC was tested at pH 5.0 and higher pH was not favorable for adsorption.…”

Validation of a chromatographic method for amoxicillin determination in wastewaters after its degradation by advanced oxidation process

“…These aspects have attracted the attention of health authorities and researchers. Not only the analytical aspects, but also the removal of these contaminants from environment have been the subject of intensive research [14,15].…”